{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:26:01Z","timestamp":1790821561133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Swiss MS Society"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004337","name":"Roche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006436","name":"Celgene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006436","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005614","name":"Biogen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1480_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compare Elecsys (Roche) and Simoa (Quanterix) immunoassays for serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using our reference database and Z scores, and evaluate their prognostic value for progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) in multiple sclerosis\u00a0(MS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1480_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Platform correlation was assessed in 612 samples from healthy controls (n=188; median [interquartile range, IQR] age 45.1 [36.4\u201361.7] years) and people with MS (n=424; 45.3 [35.2\u201353.9] years). Elecsys values were converted to Z scores via Passing-Bablok-derived regression and validated in fingolimod (n=414), and B-cell depleting therapy (BCDT; n=353) cohorts. Z scores and hazard ratios (HRs) for time-to-PIRA were compared using Cox regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1480_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Simoa<\/jats:sub>\n                      and GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Elecsys<\/jats:sub>\n                      measurements were correlated (r=0.94), with Elecsys values \u223c54\u202f% lower (GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Elecsys<\/jats:sub>\n                      , ng\/L=2.847 [95\u202f% confidence interval, CI: 1.335\u00a0\u2013\u00a04.98] + 0.457 [0.434\u00a0\u2013\u00a00.478] * GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Simoa<\/jats:sub>\n                      , ng\/L). In univariable Cox models, GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Simoa<\/jats:sub>\n                      and GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Elecsys<\/jats:sub>\n                      Z scores were associated with time-to-PIRA in both validation cohorts. In multivariable Cox models, higher GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Simoa<\/jats:sub>\n                      Z scores were associated with shorter time-to-PIRA in fingolimod cohort (HR: 1.27 [95\u202f% CI 1.08\u00a0\u2013\u00a01.50], p=0.0031) and trended toward significance in BCDT (1.18 [0.99\u00a0\u2013\u00a01.41, p=0.0693). In contrast, GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Elecsys<\/jats:sub>\n                      Z scores were associated with time-to-PIRA in both cohorts (fingolimod: 1.27 [1.09\u00a0\u2013\u00a01.48], p=0.0023; BCDT: (1.19 [1.00\u00a0\u2013\u00a01.40], p=0.0487).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1480_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum GFAP measured by Elecsys shows a comparable association with time-to-PIRA as Simoa, and GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Simoa<\/jats:sub>\n                      Z scores can be successfully bridged to GFAP\n                      <jats:sub>Elecsys<\/jats:sub>\n                      Z scores, supporting Elecsys`s potential for clinical implementation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2025-1480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T03:18:26Z","timestamp":1766805506000},"page":"1046-1053","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Serum GFAP as a biomarker for progression in multiple sclerosis: assay comparison and a large reference database of healthy controls"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Eline A.J.","family":"Willemse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6206-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Sandgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-8174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Benkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Schaedelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra Maleska","family":"Maceski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Oechtering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafiye","family":"Genc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine , University of M\u00fcnster , M\u00fcnster , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Hermesdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine , University of M\u00fcnster , M\u00fcnster , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen , St. Gallen , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Finkener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , Cantonal Hospital Aarau , Aarau , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Vilchez Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Zadic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and 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Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4917-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Granziera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Neurology, Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research , 30262 University Hospital and University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1146-3129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Pot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Neurology and Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Zecca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland , Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , Lugano , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice H.","family":"Lalive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology , University Hospital of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hoepner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , University Hospital Z\u00fcrich , Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Herwerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology , University Hospital Z\u00fcrich , Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland , Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , Lugano , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Leppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical 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Brain 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaf433.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf433"},{"key":"2026033013262448425_j_cclm-2025-1480_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Geel, WJ, de Reus, HP, Nijzing, H, Verbeek, MM, Vos, PE, Lamers, KJ. Measurement of glial fibrillary acidic protein in blood: an analytical method. Clin Chim Acta 2002;326:151\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0009-8981(02)00330-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00330-3"},{"key":"2026033013262448425_j_cclm-2025-1480_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papa, L, Lewis, LM, Falk, JL, Zhang, Z, Silvestri, S, Giordano, P, et al.. Elevated levels of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury are associated with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. 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