{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T19:09:55Z","timestamp":1780686595344,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1526_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inclusion of neurobiomarkers (NB) into routine clinical practice remains an unresolved challenge. Among the actions recommended by leading international institutions, a key priority is the establishment of reference curves during the perinatal period. The aim of the study was to define urinary reference ranges during the perinatal period for S100B, a well-established biomarker of central nervous system (CNS) development and injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1526_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between May 2015 and January 2020, we conducted a prospective observational study in 2,168 healthy preterm and term newborns. Standard clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded at birth, and urine samples were collected within the first 24\u202fh for S100B measurement. Correlations between S100B levels and perinatal variables (gestational age, birthweight, mode of delivery, sex, and blood gas parameters) were evaluated using multiple regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1526_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>S100B concentrations were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05, for all) in preterm than in term infants, even after adjustment for sex and mode of delivery. Multiple regression analysis revealed that S100B levels were gestational age (GA), sex, and mode of delivery dependent (p&lt;0.05 for\u00a0all).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2025-1526_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide a reference curve for urinary S100B during the perinatal period, supporting its potential as a non-invasive tool for fetal CNS monitoring and facilitating its future integration into routine clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2025-1526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T21:17:13Z","timestamp":1773782233000},"page":"1668-1675","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["S100B urine levels are gestational age, birthweight, delivery mode and gender-dependent in healthy newborns"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Ebe","family":"D\u2019Adamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , G. D\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Del Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , G. D\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Strozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , Ospedale Cardinal Massaia , Asti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Moschetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , G. D\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4250-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Quarta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , G. D\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gazzolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , G. D\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir","family":"Moataza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Aboulgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Mufeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Iskander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kornacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care of Neonate , Warsaw University , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darek","family":"Gruzfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care of Neonate , Warsaw University , Warsaw , Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia Gabriella","family":"Tina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Health , G. Garibaldi Hospital , Catania , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Health , G. Garibaldi Hospital , Catania , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Serpero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine , SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo Hospital , Alessandria , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele Patrizia","family":"Primavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , G. D\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Maconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Security Administration Development and Promotion of Scientific Research Unit , SS Antonio, Biagio and C. Arrigo Hospital , Alessandria , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pathology , SS Annunziata Hospital , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liborio","family":"Stuppia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advances Studies and Technology (CAST) , G. D\u2019Annunzio University , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"de Laurenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advances Studies and Technology (CAST) , G. D\u2019Annunzio University , Chieti , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iliana","family":"Bersani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital , Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital , Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Gazzolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit , G. 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Clin Chem 2004;50:941\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2003.021048.","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.021048"},{"key":"2026060518413053007_j_cclm-2025-1526_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouvier, D, Gigu\u00e8re, Y, Pereira, B, Bernard, N, Marc, I, Sapin, V, et al.. Cord blood S100B: reference ranges and interest for early identification of newborns with brain injury. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:285\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2019-0737.","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0737"},{"key":"2026060518413053007_j_cclm-2025-1526_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazzolo, D, Michetti, F, Bruschettini, M, Marchese, N, Lituania, M, Mangraviti, S, et al.. Pediatric concentrations of S100B protein in blood: age- and sex-related changes. 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PLoS One 2015;10:e0115194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0115194.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115194"},{"key":"2026060518413053007_j_cclm-2025-1526_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risso, FM, Serpero, LD, Zimmermann, LJI, Gavilanes, AWD, Frulio, R, Michetti, F, et al.. Perinatal asphyxia: kidney failure does not affect S100B urine concentrations. Clin Chim Acta 2012;413:150\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2011.09.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.09.011"},{"key":"2026060518413053007_j_cclm-2025-1526_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nygaard, O, Langbakk, B, Romner, B. Age- and sex-related changes of S-100 protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in patients with no previous history of neurological disorder. 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