{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:19:10Z","timestamp":1783005550834,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2026-0183_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the frequency and characterize the distinctive features of the serum electrophoretic pattern associated with polyclonal elevations of IgG4, and to evaluate its clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2026-0183_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 127,827 serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) analyses performed in our laboratory over two years were evaluated. Cases exhibiting suggestive morphology, an IgG4 concentration greater than 1.35\u202fg\/L, and no monoclonal component (MC) at serum immunofixation electrophoresis (SIFE) were classified as true positives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2026-0183_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We selected 283 electropherograms from 112 individual patients. The characteristic morphological features included a narrow, bell-shaped rise in the anodal gamma globulin region, potentially mimicking an MC, a reduction in the albumin fraction, and an increased beta-2 globulin zone exhibiting a \u03b2-\u03b3 bridging pattern, without a necessary association with hypergammaglobulinemia and with normal IgA and IgM concentrations. SIFE revealed a pseudoclonal restriction, and the serum free light chain ratio was altered in 29\u202f% of cases, complicating the interpretation of the serum protein profile. The observed frequency was 3 per 1,000 SPEPs. Notably, 59\u202f% of newly identified cases with elevated IgG4 concentrations at our center during the study period were unexpectedly detected by\u00a0SPEP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2026-0183_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SPEP pattern associated with elevated polyclonal IgG4 concentrations is significant not only as an MC mimicker to be recognised in the diagnostic workup of plasma cell dyscrasias, but also because, when confirmed by IgG4 measurement, it provides physicians with clinically relevant information, particularly within the context of IgG4-related conditions, potentially preventing unnecessary procedures that could harm the patient and delay diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2026-0183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T15:05:07Z","timestamp":1773759907000},"page":"1789-1796","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum protein electrophoresis pattern associated with elevated polyclonal IgG4 concentrations: a monoclonal-mimicking profile with potentially significant clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0915-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Michetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Pathology Laboratory , ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital , Bergamo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Antelmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Pathology Laboratory , ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital , Bergamo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Ravasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Pathology Laboratory , ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital , Bergamo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Ghirardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FROM - Research Foundation Bergamo Hospital - ETS , Bergamo , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_001","unstructured":"Tate, JR. The paraprotein: an enduring biomarker. Clin Biochem Rev 2019;40:5\u201322."},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willrich, MAV, Katzmann, JA. Laboratory testing requirements for diagnosis and follow-up of multiple myeloma and related plasma cell dyscrasias. Clin Chem Lab Med 2016;54:907\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2015-0580.","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0580"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_003","unstructured":"Graziani, MS, Dolci, A, Greco, C, Luraschi, P, Muratore, MT, Mussap, M, et al.. Indicazioni per la richiesta di elettroforesi sieroproteica. Biochim Clin 2008;32:48\u201351."},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_004","unstructured":"Caldini, A, Graziani, MS, Basile, U, Cataldo, I, Cigliana, G, Muratore, MT, et al.. Il contributo della diagnostica proteica nella gestione delle gammopatie monoclonali. Biochim Clin 2014;38:47\u201353."},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caers, J, Garderet, L, Kort\u00fcm, KM, O\u2019Dwyer, ME, van de Donk, NWCJ, Binder, M, et al.. European Myeloma Network recommendations on diagnosis and monitoring tools in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2018;103:1772\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2018.189159.","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.189159"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajkumar, SV. Updated diagnostic criteria and staging system for multiple myeloma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016;36:e418\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/edbk_159009.","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_159009"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palladini, G, Milani, P. Diagnosis and treatment of AL amyloidosis. Drugs 2023;83:203\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-022-01830-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01830-z"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, TM, Callander, NS. Diagnosis and management of monoclonal gammopathy and smoldering multiple myeloma. J\u00a0Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020;18:1720\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6004\/jnccn.2020.7660.","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.7660"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCudden, CR, Jacobs, JFM, Keren, D, Caillon, H, Dejoie, T, Andersen, K. Recognition and management of electrophoresis and immunofixation interferences. Clin Biochem 2018;51:72\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.08.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.08.013"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regeniter, A, Siede, WH. Evaluation of irregularities in capillary serum protein electrophoresis. Clin Biochem 2018;51:48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.09.017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.09.017"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, T, Booth, RA, Hauff, K, Berardi, P, Visram, A. Laboratory assessment of multiple myeloma. Adv Clin Chem 2019;89:1\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.12.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2018.12.001"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tate, J, Caldwell, G, Daly, J, Gillis, D, Jenkins, M, Jovanovich, S, et al.. Standardized reporting of protein electrophoresis in Australia and New\u00a0Zealand. Ann Clin Biochem 2012;49:242\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/acb.2011.011158.","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2011.011158"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakar, F, Swaminathan, S, Brown, DA, Lin, MW, McDonald, D, Lee, AYS. Restricted migration of polyclonal IgG in IgG4-related disease. Pathology 2022;54:367\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pathol.2021.05.092.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2021.05.092"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finn, WG, Gulbranson, R, Fisher, S, Sample, LR, Shalhoub, R, Hedstrom, D, et al.. Detection of polyclonal IgG4 increases by capillary electrophoresis. Am J Clin Pathol 2016;146:303\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/aqw113.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqw113"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, JFM, van der Molen, RG, Keren, DF. Restricted migration of polyclonal IgG4 may mimic monoclonal gammopathy. Am J Clin Pathol 2014;142:76\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/ajcp41xcvbheqcel.","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP41XCVBHEQCEL"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, H, Lee, JJ, Kim, M, Oh, EJ, Kim, Y, Chae, H. Laboratory characteristics of IgG4-related disease. Medicine (Baltim) 2022;101:e30387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000030387.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030387"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varghese, JL, Fung, AWS, Mattman, A, Quach, TTT, Gauiran, DTV, Carruthers, MN, et al.. Clinical utility of serum IgG4 measurement. Clin Chim Acta 2020;506:228\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2020.04.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.04.001"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C, He, D, Wang, R, Mou, H, Bi, G, Liu, C, et al.. Polyclonal IgG4 mimicking monoclonal gammopathy in IgG4-RD. Clin Rheumatol 2024;43:3019\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-024-07062-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-024-07062-8"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, LL, Xiong, P, Yang, M, Ardicli, O, Schneider, SR, Funch, AB, et al.. Role of IgG4 antibodies in human health and disease. Cells 2025;14:639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14090639.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14090639"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rispens, T, Huijbers, MG. Unique properties of IgG4 and its roles in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2023;23:763\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-023-00871-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00871-z"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchini, R, Karagiannis, SN, Jordakieva, G, Jensen-Jarolim, E. Role of IgG4 in tolerance in allergy and cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:5017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21145017.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145017"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, LYC, Mattman, A, Seidman, MA, Carruthers, MN. IgG4-related disease: what a hematologist needs to know. Haematologica 2019;104:444\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2018.205526.","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.205526"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maslinska, M, Dmowska-Chalaba, J, Jakubaszek, M. Role of IgG4 in autoimmunity and rheumatic diseases. Front Immunol 2022;12:787422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.787422.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.787422"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carballo, I, Gonz\u00e1lez-Quintela, A, Sope\u00f1a, B, Vidal, C. IgG4-related disease for allergists. J\u00a0Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2021;31:212\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18176\/jiaci.0633.","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0633"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00dcnl\u00fc, S, S\u00e1nchez Navarro, BG, Cakan, E, Berchtold, D, Meleka Hanna, R, Vural, S, et al.. Insights into IgG4: autoimmunity and novel treatments. Front Immunol 2024;15:1346671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1346671.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1346671"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakthiswary, R, Shaharir, SS, Wahab, AA. Elevated IgG4 in rheumatoid arthritis. Biomedicines 2022;10:558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10030558.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030558"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajalingham, S, Shaharir, SS, Rajeswaran, VU. Comparison of serum IgG4 with inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2025;84:2056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.1646.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.1646"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mal\u00e1, E, Afshari, M, Krejsek, J. IgG4 subclass immunobiology. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2024;67:101\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14712\/18059694.2025.6.","DOI":"10.14712\/18059694.2025.6"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napodano, C, Marino, M, Stefanile, A, Pocino, K, Scatena, R, Gulli, F, et al.. Immunological role of IgG subclasses. Immunol Investig 2021;50:427\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08820139.2020.1775643.","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2020.1775643"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parums, DV. IgG4-related disease: persistent challenges. Med Sci Monit 2025;31:e950212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.950212.","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.950212"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, FAG, Pereira, IA, de Souza, AWS, Giardini, HAM, Cordeiro, RA. IgG4-related disease: rare but important. Adv Rheumatol 2024;64:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42358-024-00374-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-024-00374-y"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone, JH. IgG4-related disease: lessons from the first 20\u00a0years. Rheumatology 2025;64:i24\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf008.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaf008"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, ZS, Naden, RP, Chari, S, Choi, H, Della-Torre, E, Dicaire, J, et al.. 2019 ACR\/EULAR classification criteria for IgG4-RD. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020;72:7\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.41120.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41120"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umehara, H, Okazaki, K, Kawa, S, Takahashi, H, Goto, H, Matsui, S, et al.. Revised comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD. Mod Rheumatol 2021;31:529\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14397595.2020.1859710.","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2020.1859710"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peyronel, F, Fenaroli, P, Maritati, F, Schleinitz, N, Vaglio, A. Advances in IgG4-related disease. Expet Rev Clin Immunol 2023;19:537\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666x.2023.2195627.","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2023.2195627"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, ZS, Katz, G, Hernandez-Barco, YG, Baker, MC. Current and future advances in IgG4-related disease. Rheumatol Adv Pract 2024;8:rkae020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rap\/rkae020.","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkae020"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maritati, F, Peyronel, F, Vaglio, A. IgG4-related disease: a clinical perspective. Rheumatology 2020;59:iii123\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez667.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez667"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guma, M, Firestein, GS. IgG4-related diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012;26:425\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2012.07.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2012.07.001"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosco, JJ, Suan, D, Varikatt, W, Lin, MW. Extraparenchymal manifestations of IgG4-related systemic disease. Intern Med J 2013;43:417\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02964.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02964.x"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasaitis, L, Sundstr\u00f6m, C, Backlin, C, Nordmark, G, Baecklund, E. Occult IgG4-related disease in lymphoma patients. Acta Oncol 2016;55:1139\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0284186x.2016.1182644.","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2016.1182644"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamisawa, T, Funata, N, Hayashi, Y, Eishi, Y, Koike, M, Tsuruta, K, et al.. IgG4-related autoimmune disease: a new entity. J\u00a0Gastroenterol 2003;38:982\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00535-003-1175-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-003-1175-y"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, B, Guo, Y, Ou, X, Lin, L, Su, Z, Li, L, et al.. Clinical significance of serum IgG4 in the diagnosis and treatment response of IgG4-related disease in adults of Southwest China: a retrospective study. Ann Lab Med 2023;43:461\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3343\/alm.2023.43.5.461.","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2023.43.5.461"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, I, McMahon, GA, Perugino, CA, Katz, G, Wallace, ZS, Fernandes, A, et al.. Sex as a predictor of phenotype in IgG4-RD. Lancet Rheumatol 2024;6:e460\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2665-9913(24)00089-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00089-4"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuge, S, Fujii, H, Tamai, M, Tsujiguchi, H, Yoshida, M, Suzuki, N, et al.. Factors associated with elevated serum IgG4 levels. Arthritis Res Ther 2024;26:156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-024-03391-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03391-w"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carballo, I, Alvela, L, P\u00e9rez, LF, Gude, F, Vidal, C, Alonso, M, et al.. Serum IgG4 in the Spanish adult population. PLoS One 2016;11:e0149330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0149330.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149330"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchison, CA, Harding, S, Hewins, P, Mead, GP, Townsend, J, Bradwell, AR, et al.. Serum and urinary free light chains in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1684\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.02290508.","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02290508"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grados, A, Ebbo, M, Boucraut, J, V\u00e9ly, F, Aucouturier, P, Rigolet, A, et al.. Free light chain assessment in IgG4-related disease. Int J Rheumatol 2013;2013:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/426759.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/426759"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_048","unstructured":"Savoia, M, Michetti, L, Cigliana, G, Turra, F, Debbia, D, Visconti, V, et al.. Indicazioni per l\u2019armonizzazione del referto dell\u2019elettroforesi sieroproteica. Biochim Clin 2024;48:88\u2013100."},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booth, RA, McCudden, CR, Balion, CM, Blasutig, IM, Bouhtiauy, I, Rodriguez-Capote, K, et al.. Protein electrophoresis reporting recommendations. Clin Biochem 2018;51:10\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.10.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.10.013"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kogami, M, Abe, Y, Ando, T, Makiyama, A, Yamaji, K, Tamura, N. Performance of diagnostic criteria in IgG4-related disease. Sci Rep 2023;13:2509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-29645-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29645-2"},{"key":"2026070213034361233_j_cclm-2026-0183_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dejoie, T, Lakomy, D, Caillon, H, Pegouri\u00e9, B, Decaux, O. IFM recommendations for electrophoresis interpretation in multiple myeloma. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2016;74:429\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/abc.2016.1166.","DOI":"10.1684\/abc.2016.1166"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2026-0183\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2026-0183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:02:05Z","timestamp":1783004525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2026-0183\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/cclm-2026-0183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2026-0183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-6621","1437-4331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-6621","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-4331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]}}}