{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:55:44Z","timestamp":1790589344796,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2026-0346_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a specific biomarker for chronic excessive alcohol consumption. The IFCC Working Group on CDT Standardization recommends 2-sialo-transferrin (2-sialo-Tf) as the sole measurand, with a decision threshold of 2.0\u202f% CDT\n                      <jats:sub>IFCC<\/jats:sub>\n                      using HPLC. This study evaluates the impact of implementing Sebia\u2019s conversion equation on CDT measurements by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for IFCC-alignment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2026-0346_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>8,309 serum samples from a driver\u2019s license regranting program and 226 samples from patients tested for\u00a0congenital disorders of glycosylation (negative controls) were analyzed. Deming regression compared the original Sebia method with IFCC-aligned results following conversion. The upper limit of normal (ULN) was determined using control and population-based analyses. Age- and sex-dependent 0-sialo-Tf breakpoints were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2026-0346_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sebia\u2019s conversion equation resulted in an upward shift in CDT within the 0\u20134\u202f% range, increasing the proportion of positive samples by \u223c80\u202f% compared with the original Sebia method using a 2.3\u202f% cut-off; applying the IFCC 2.0\u202f% threshold still yielded a \u223c50\u202f% increase. The ULN was consistently 1.6\u202f%, biological and analytical uncertainty correction supported the 2.0\u202f% threshold. Although age- and sex-dependent 0-sialo-Tf breakpoints were statistically significant, exclusion of 0-sialo-Tf did not affect positivity, supporting 2-sialo-Tf as standalone marker. Longitudinal iQC monitoring confirmed reproducible quantification but revealed calibration-related positive shifts attributable to the conversion equation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_cclm-2026-0346_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sebia\u2019s conversion equation increases the proportion of positive CDT results irrespective of the applied cut-off. However, our study demonstrates that Sebia\u2019s converted CDT, at a 2.0\u202f% cut-off, is a robust marker for CDT measurement and achieves more harmonized CDT reporting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2026-0346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:57:40Z","timestamp":1782377860000},"page":"2494-2502","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of Sebia\u2019s CZE IFCC-converted results on carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) interpretation in driver\u2019s license assessments"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Debunne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"De Letter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris","family":"Delanghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Compernolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine , Ghent University Hospital , Ghent , Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeppsson, JO, Arndt, T, Schellenberg, F, Wielders, JP, Anton, RF, Whitfield, JB, et al.. Toward standardization of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) measurements: I. Analyte definition and proposal of a candidate reference method. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:558\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm.2007.107.","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.107"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schellenberg, F, Wielders, J, Anton, R, Bianchi, V, Deenmamode, J, Weykamp, C, et al.. IFCC approved HPLC reference measurement procedure for the alcohol consumption biomarker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT): its validation and use. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 2017;465:91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2016.12.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.12.022"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stibler, H. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in serum: a new marker of potentially harmful alcohol consumption reviewed. Clin Chem 1991;37:2029\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/37.12.2029.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.12.2029"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maenhout, TM, Baten, G, De Buyzere, ML, Delanghe, JR. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin in a driver\u2019s license regranting program. Alcohol Alcohol 2012;47:253\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/ags013.","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags013"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortolotti, F, Sorio, D, Bertaso, A, Tagliaro, F. Analytical and diagnostic aspects of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT): a critical review over years 2007\u20132017. J\u00a0Pharmaceut Biomed Anal 2018;147:2\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.09.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.09.006"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veronesi, A, Rota, C, Trenti, T, Cariani, E. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin determination in a clinical setting: consistency between capillary electrophoresis assays and utility of HPLC as a confirmatory test. J\u00a0Clin Lab Anal 2016;30:494\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.21885.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21885"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortolotti, F, De Paoli, G, Pascali, JP, Tagliaro, F. Fully automated analysis of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) by using a multicapillary electrophoresis system. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 2007;380:4\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2006.12.028.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.12.028"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martello, S, Trettene, M, Cittadini, F, Bortolotti, F, De Giorgio, F, Chiarotti, M, et al.. Determination of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) with capillary electrophoresis: an inter laboratory comparison. Forensic Sci Int 2004;141:153\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.003"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenan, N, Husand, S, Helander, A. Importance of HPLC confirmation of problematic carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) results from a multicapillary electrophoresis routine method. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 2010;411:1945\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2010.08.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.08.006"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schellenberg, F, Wielders, JP. Evaluation of capillary electrophoresis assay for CDT on SEBIA\u2019s capillarys System: Intra and inter laboratory precision, reference interval and cut-off. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 2010;411:1888\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2010.07.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.07.015"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helander, A, Wielders, J, Anton, R, Arndt, T, Bianchi, V, Deenmamode, J, et al.. Standardisation and use of the alcohol biomarker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 2016;459:19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2016.05.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.05.016"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wielders, JPM, Porpiglia, NM, Schellenberg, F, Deenmamode, J, Delanghe, J, Anton, RF, et al.. Recommendations on the measurement and use of the alcohol consumption biomarker CDT. A position paper from the IFCC Working Group on CDT standardisation. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 2024;555:117800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117800.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117800"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legros, FJ, Nuyens, V, Baudoux, M, Zouaoui Boudjeltia, K, Ruelle, JL, Colicis, J, et al.. Use of capillary zone electrophoresis for differentiating excessive from moderate alcohol consumption. Clin Chem 2003;49:440\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/49.3.440.","DOI":"10.1373\/49.3.440"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingma, HA, van der Sluijs, FH, Heiner-Fokkema, MR. Fast screening of N-glycosylation disorders by sialotransferrin profiling with capillary zone electrophoresis. Ann Clin Biochem 2018;55:693\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004563218779609.","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563218779609"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolley, T, Allen, P, Fitzgerald, L, Izzard, L, Rutter, E. Sebia Capillarys 2 versus the Helena Biosciences V8 capillary electrophoresis analyser for carbohydrate-deficient transferrin measurement: comparison and analytical evaluation. Br J Biomed Sci 2015;72:23\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09674845.2015.11666791.","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2015.11666791"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalo, P, Pecquet, M, Bon, C, Gonzalo, S, Radenne, S, Augustin-Normand, C, et al.. Clinical performance of the carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) assay by the Sebia Capillarys2 system in case of cirrhosis. Interest of the Bio-Rad %CDT by HPLC test and Siemens N-Latex CDT kit as putative confirmatory methods. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 2012;413:712\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2011.12.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.12.022"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_017","unstructured":"Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM). Evaluation of measurement data\u2014Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. JCGM 2008;100:2008 (GUM 1995 with minor corrections)."},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitfield, JB, Fletcher, LM, Murphy, TL, Powell, LW, Halliday, J, Heath, AC, et al.. Smoking, obesity, and hypertension alter the dose-response curve and test sensitivity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol intake. Clin Chem 1998;44:2480\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/44.12.2480.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.12.2480"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conigrave, KM, Degenhardt, LJ, Whitfield, JB, Saunders, JB, Helander, A, Tabakoff, B. CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO\/ISBRA collaborative project. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002;26:332\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000374-200203000-00005.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02542.x"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anton, RF, Moak, DH. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyltransferase as markers of heavy alcohol consumption: gender differences. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994;18:747\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00941.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00941.x"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m, JP, Helander, A. Influence of alcohol use, ethnicity, age, gender, BMI and smoking on the serum transferrin glycoform pattern: implications for use of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as alcohol biomarker. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem 2008;388:59\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2007.10.011.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.10.011"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, Y, Lasker, JM, Lieber, CS. Serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: mechanism of increase after chronic alcohol intake. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 1995;22:1462\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.1840220520.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220520"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrente, MP, Freeman, WM, Vrana, KE. Protein biomarkers of alcohol abuse. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012;9:425\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/epr.12.38.","DOI":"10.1586\/epr.12.38"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veerbeek, MA, Ten Have, M, van Dorsselaer, SA, Oude Voshaar, RC, Rhebergen, D, Willemse, BM. Differences in alcohol use between younger and older people: results from a general population study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019;202:18\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.023"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_025","unstructured":"Moskalewicz, JRR, Thom, B. Comparative monitoring of alcohol epidemiology across the EU. Baseline assessment and suggestions for future action. RARHA; 2016."},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strizek, J, Uhl, A, Schaub, M, Malischnig, D. Alcohol and cigarette use among adolescents and young adults in Austria from 2004\u20132020: patterns of change and associations with socioeconomic variables. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2021;18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182413080.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413080"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siest, JP, Bertin-Jung, I, Schellenberg, F. Benefits of using an IFCC standardised capillary\u00a0\u2013electrophoresis method in CDT measurement. Ann Biol Clin 2025;83:572\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1684\/abc.2025.2001.","DOI":"10.1684\/abc.2025.2001"},{"key":"2026092809015489612_j_cclm-2026-0346_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helander, A, Nordin, G. Insufficient standardization of a direct carbohydrate-deficient transferrin immunoassay. Clin Chem 2008;54:1090\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2007.102145.","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.102145"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2026-0346\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2026-0346\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:04:32Z","timestamp":1790586272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/cclm-2026-0346\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/cclm-2026-0346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2026-0346","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-6621","1437-4331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-6621","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-4331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}