{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:25:50Z","timestamp":1788837950516,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Clostebol is an anabolic androgenic steroid prohibited at all times (class S1.1) by the World Anti-Doping Agency. In several countries, however, clostebol acetate is available without prescription in topical medicinal products, particularly Trofodermin\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    , creating a substantial risk of inadvertent exposure. Experimental studies and case reports have demonstrated that indirect contact with a person or animal treated with clostebol acetate may result in detectable urinary concentrations of its main metabolite, 4-chloro-androst-4-en-3\u03b1-ol-17-one (M1). Such findings are frequently in the low or sub-ng\/mL range. An insufficiently investigated mechanism is delayed exposure through objects, textiles, equipment, or environmental surfaces contaminated during an earlier use of Trofodermin\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    . In this scenario, the interval of weeks or months would not represent persistence of clostebol in the athlete\u2019s body. Rather, the prohibited substance would remain outside the body as a surface residue and would enter the athlete only after later contact with the contaminated object. Several real-world cases involving urinary M1 concentrations of approximately 20\u2013500\u202fpg\/mL appear compatible with this mechanism after alternative sources have been investigated. Nevertheless, controlled clostebol-specific studies on aged environmental residues are currently lacking. The analytical sensitivity of modern anti-doping laboratories therefore requires a corresponding development in the scientific investigation of environmental transfer. Ultra-trace clostebol findings should prompt a structured assessment of contaminated objects and delayed secondary transfer, rather than an automatic assumption that the original use of Trofodermin\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    must have occurred immediately before sample collection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2026-1235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:56:10Z","timestamp":1787846170000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ultra-trace urinary clostebol findings: should delayed transfer from contaminated objects be considered?"],"prefix":"10.1515","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Salomone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry , University of Turin , Turin , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Kintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X-Pertise Consulting , Mittelhausbergen , France"},{"name":"Institut de M\u00e9decine L\u00e9gale , Strasbourg , France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_001","unstructured":"World Anti-Doping Agency. World anti-doping code: international standard\u00a0\u2013\u00a02026 prohibited list. Montreal: WADA; 2026."},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_002","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2026-02\/2024_anti-doping_testing_figures_report_final_v4.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug 2026]."},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_003","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.nadoitalia.it\/it\/attivita\/controlli-antidoping\/dati-statistici\/561-dati-statistici-dell-anno-2024\/file.html [Accessed 12 Aug 2026]."},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J, Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lvarez, M, Yang, S, He, G, Xu, Y, Aguilera, R. New clostebol metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and their application for doping control. J\u00a0Mass Spectrom 2015;50:191\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jms.3517.","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3517"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintz, P, Gheddar, L, Pichini, S, Plebani, M, Salomone, A. Clostebol and sport: about controversies involving contamination vs. doping offence. Clin Chem Lab Med 2025;63:258\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2024-1165.","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2024-1165"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menditto, VG, Rossetti, G, Ferrarini, A, Peghetti, A, Camerlingo, MD, Pomponio, G. Clostebol detection after transdermal and transmucosal contact: a systematic review. Clin Chem Lab Med 2025;63:1472\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2025-0331.","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2025-0331"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Torre, X, Colamonici, C, Iannone, M, Jardines, D, Molaioni, F, Botr\u00e8, F. Detection of clostebol in sports: accidental doping? Drug Test Anal 2020;12:1561\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.2951.","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2951"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessner, L, Thevis, M, Rothschild, MA, J\u00fcbner, M. Detectability of oxandrolone, metandienone, clostebol and dehydrochloromethyltestosterone in urine after transdermal application. Drug Test Anal 2022;14:1744\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3355.","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3355"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, HMG, Marques, MAS, Talhas, IB, Aquino Neto, FR. Incidental clostebol contamination in athletes after sexual intercourse. Clin Chem 2004;50:456\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2003.022210.","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.022210"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pokrywka, A, Sitkowski, D, Surala, O, Gheddar, L, Kintz, P. A case study of positive doping control by animal-to-human drug transfer after\u00a0an\u00a0athlete administered medicine in spray format, containing\u00a0clostebol acetate, to a pet dog. Front Sports Act Living\u00a02024;6:1480373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2024.1480373.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1480373"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_011","unstructured":"Court of Arbitration for Sport. CAS 2022\/A\/9141, Mariano Tammaro V. International Tennis Federation. Award of 7 November 2023."},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintz, P, Gheddar, L. Ac\u00e9tate de clost\u00e9bol (Trofodermin\u00ae): v\u00e9rification du passage transdermique d\u2019un anabolisant souvent impliqu\u00e9 dans les affaires de dopage. Toxicol Anal et Cline 2024;36:317\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxac.2024.10.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxac.2024.10.001"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_013","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.tas-cas.org\/generated\/assets\/lists\/feb900ba-1137-4b78-a9ff-d68af7869087\/CAS_9319_Lodo_Arbitrale.pdf [Accessed 26 July 2026]."},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnusson, BM, Cross, SE, Winckle, G, Roberts, MS. Percutaneous absorption of steroids: determination of in\u00a0vitro permeability and tissue reservoir characteristics in human skin layers. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006;19:336\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000095254.","DOI":"10.1159\/000095254"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazer, N, Fisher, D, Fischer, J, Cosgrove, M, Bell, D, Eilers, B. Transfer of transdermally applied testosterone to clothing: a comparison of a testosterone patch versus a testosterone gel. J\u00a0Sex Med 2005;2:227\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.20232.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.20232.x"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satonin, DK, Ni, X, Mitchell, MI, Joly, H, Muram, D, Small, DS. Amount of testosterone on laundered clothing after use of testosterone topical 2% solution by healthy male volunteers. J\u00a0Sex Med 2016;13:187\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.007"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, JC, Etting, I, Larabi, IA. Body fluid contamination in the context of an adverse analytical finding in doping: about a case involving ostarine. Clin Chim Acta 2024;15:557:117871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117871.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117871"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintz, P, Baudry, M, Gheddar, L. Approche m\u00e9dicojudiciaire pour documenter une violation des r\u00e8gles antidopage impliquant la coca\u00efne. A propos du champion du monde de super moto. Toxicol Anal Clin 2026;38:S21\u20132.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxac.2026.03.024"},{"key":"2026082715560859046_j_cclm-2026-1235_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boretti, A. The case for revisiting anti-doping policies on substances with high contamination risk (e.g., clostebol). 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