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In hypertension magnesium might be lowered but its measurement does not seem relevant. In the prediction of severe pre-eclampsia, elevated ionized magnesium concentration may play a role, but no unequivocal picture emerges. Low magnesium in blood may be cause for, or consequence of, diabetes mellitus. No special fraction clearly indicates magnesium deficiency leading to insulin resistance. Cardiac diseases are related to diminished magnesium levels. During myocardial infarction, serum magnesium drops. Total magnesium concentration in cardiac cells can be predicted from levels in sublingual or skeletal muscle cells. Most therapeutic drugs (diuretics, chemotherapeutics, immunosuppressive agents, antibiotics) cause hypomagnesemia due to increased urinary loss.<\/jats:p><jats:p>It is concluded that most of the clinical situations studied show hypomagnesemia due to renal loss, with exception of renal disease. Keeping in mind that only 1% of the total body magnesium pool is extracellular, no simple measurement of the real intracellular situation has emerged; measuring ionized magnesium in serum has little added value at present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.1999.151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,17]],"date-time":"2005-02-17T20:08:54Z","timestamp":1108670934000},"page":"1011-1033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Magnesium in Disease: a Review with Special Emphasis on the Serum Ionized Magnesium"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Gerard T.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henk J.","family":"Huijgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1","first-page":"257","volume":"18","author":"Ebel H","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Biochem"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/36.3.466","volume":"36","author":"Rouilly M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)83330-9"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30035-5","volume":"24","author":"Nadler JL","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrin Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329803500401","volume":"35","author":"Ryan MF","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00007"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/102.5.616","volume":"102","author":"Elin RJ.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"p_8","first-page":"10","volume":"11","author":"Swaminathan R","year":"1999","journal-title":"JIFCC"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"79","volume":"17","author":"Mangemann M","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magnesium-Bulletin"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.148.11.2415"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.82.6.1761"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(74)90007-7"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008765","volume":"143","author":"Rubenowitz E","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C452","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1989.256.2.C452","volume":"256","author":"Agus ZS","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"113","volume":"17","author":"Widdowson EM","year":"1953","journal-title":"Clin Science"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000400638","volume":"29","author":"Aikawa JK","year":"1978","journal-title":"World Reviews of Nutrition and Diet"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9120(96)84729-B"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/20.6.632","volume":"20","author":"Jones JE","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"304","volume":"133","author":"Flink EB","year":"1980","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1985.10720076","volume":"4","author":"Morgan KJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Col Nutr"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90877-X"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115317"},{"key":"p_24","first-page":"360","volume":"132","author":"Berkelhammer C","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hypomagnesemia. 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