{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:24:54Z","timestamp":1767651894301,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Mitragyna speciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaves have been abused by drug addicts as some of the alkaloids (mainly mitragynine) from the plant possess opiate and cocaine-like effects. These bring to its prohibition in Malaysia in 2004 as consumption of\n                    <jats:italic>M. speciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaves has been perceived to lead to the abuse of other drugs such as cannabis and heroin.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In the current study, the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    effects of\n                    <jats:italic>M. speciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    methanolic, aqueous and total alkaloid leaves extracts on drug metabolizing enzymes, namely, cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) had been evaluated in rat liver cytosolic fraction and microsomes. Aminopyrine and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -nitrophenol (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    NP) were employed as probe substrates in aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND) and UGT enzyme assays, respectively. Furthermore, mitragynine was also tested\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    for its likelihood to inhibit APND and UGT activity. The assessment of the enzyme activity was conducted using spectrophotometric methods.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value could only be obtained for the methanolic extract in APND study (595.30\u00b130.78 \u00b5g\/mL) and not in other studies due to the enzyme percentage inhibitions being &lt;70%. In contrast to the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    study, the oral treatment of male Sprague-Dawley rats for 14 days with 50, 100 and 200 mg\/kg of methanolic and aqueous extracts and with 5, 10 and 20 mg\/kg of total alkaloid extract showed a profound increment on the APND and UGT activities.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The current findings showed that possibilities exist for herb-drug interaction with increased clearance of drugs, which are primarily metabolized by CYP450s and UGT1A6 among\n                    <jats:italic>M. speciosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaves extract users.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/dmdi-2012-0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]],"date-time":"2013-02-25T06:03:00Z","timestamp":1361772180000},"page":"95-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<i>Mitragyna speciosa<\/i>\n                    Korth leaves extracts induced the CYP450 catalyzed aminopyrine-N-demethylase (APND) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) activities in male Sprague-Dawley rat livers"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Juzaili","family":"Azizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabariah","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharif Mahsufi","family":"Mansor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]]},"container-title":["dmdi"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dmdi-2012-0039\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dmdi-2012-0039\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T07:28:05Z","timestamp":1765524485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dmdi-2012-0039\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/dmdi-2012-0039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/dmdi-2012-0039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0162","0792-5077"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2191-0162"},{"type":"print","value":"0792-5077"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]]}}}