{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1717065058366},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tramadol is prone to be abused alone, or in combination with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). It was reported that 95% of people with a history of substance abuse in the United States used tramadol in 2004. According to the WHO report in 2016, there was a growing number of tramadol abusers alone or in combination with psychoactive substances such as MDMA in particular in some Middle East countries. Higher concentrations of tramadol in plasma may lead to adverse drug reactions or lethal intoxication. In this study, the effect of MDMA on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol was examined in male rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effect of MDMA on T<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>When tramadol administered intraperitoneally, the absorption rate of this drug was reduced, and a lower C<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the obtained data, MDMA treatment affected the absorption, distribution and metabolism phases of tramadol. This treatment increased the concentration of tramadol if administered intravenously and can latent the absorption of tramadol in oral route. However, MDMA was introduced as CYP2D6 inhibitor; in this study, MDMA inhibited CYP3A4 isoenzymes as well. This finding is important for the compounds that are metabolized through CYP3A4. It can be proposed that in abusers of MDMA who only receive tramadol for medical or nonmedical purposes in short intervals, the dangers of the intravenous administration of tramadol should be considered, and if tramadol is administered orally, the desired effect may not be achieved at the routine dose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2017-0018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,16]],"date-time":"2017-09-16T10:01:29Z","timestamp":1505556089000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the Ecstasy influence on tramadol and its main metabolite plasma concentration in rats"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Bardia","family":"Jamali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behjat","family":"Sheikholeslami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yalda","family":"Hosseinzadeh 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