{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:44:11Z","timestamp":1765547051022,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dmpt-2022-0154_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Khat) is a stimulant plant that contains cathine and cathinone, which its abuses induce euphoria, alertness, and motor activity. Since the toxicokinetics of these substances remain unclear, this study was carried out to investigate the disposition kinetics of cathine and cathinone, the neurotransmitter profile, following a single dose of\n                      <jats:italic>C.\u00a0edulis<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract in rats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dmpt-2022-0154_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four adult male Wistar albino rats (250\u2013300\u00a0g) were randomly selected and divided into six groups of four rats each. All groups received a single oral dose of 2,000\u00a0mg\/kg body weight, and blood and tissue samples from the brain, lung, heart, liver, and kidney were obtained at intervals of 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 12, and 24\u00a0h. The cathine and cathinone concentrations were identified and quantified using ion trap ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-IT\/MS). The neurotransmitter profile was detected using the quadrupole time of flight UPLC-QTOF\/MS method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dmpt-2022-0154_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lung, liver, and heart tissues attained the highest levels of cathine, while the highest level of cathinone was determined in the heart. Cathine and cathinone concentrations in the blood and heart peaked at 0.5\u00a0h. The concentrations peaked in the brain 2.5\u00a0h later, indicating that\u00a0the heart had an immediate effect, whereas the brain had a longer-lasting one. They have longer half-lives (2.68\u00a0and\u00a05.07\u00a0h, respectively) and may remain in the brain for longer durations (3.31 and 2.31\u00a0h, respectively). The neurotransmitters epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin were detected in a delayed, prolonged and organ-specific manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dmpt-2022-0154_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cathine and cathinone were deposited in considerable concentrations in all tissues analyzed, with the highest C\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      in the lung and T\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      in the heart tissues but not\u00a0in the brain. In addition, neurotransmitters such as adrenaline, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin were differentially detected in all tested samples in a organ-specific fashion. More study is needed to identify cathine and\u00a0cathinone\u2019s effects on neurotransmitter profiles. Nevertheless, these findings provided a further basis for experimental, clinical, and forensic investigations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2022-0154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T08:08:35Z","timestamp":1678262915000},"page":"199-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cathine and cathinone disposition kinetics and neurotransmitter profile in several organs of rats exposed to a single dose of\n                    <i>Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.<\/i>\n                    extract"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Alamir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Jazan Health Affairs , Ministry of Health , Ja zan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Jeraiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Jazan University , Jazan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hesham M.","family":"Korashy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emad Sayed","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center , Jazan University , Jazan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Attafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Jazan Health Affairs , Ministry of Health , Ja zan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magbool E.","family":"Oraiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Jazan Health Affairs , Ministry of Health , Ja zan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Hakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Jazan Health Affairs , Ministry of Health , Ja zan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Y.","family":"Albeishy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Jazan Health Affairs , Ministry of Health , Ja zan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Khardali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Jazan Health Affairs , Ministry of Health , Ja zan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismail A.","family":"Juraybi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Jazan University , Jazan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abeer A.","family":"Alobaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5801-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibraheem M.","family":"Attafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Jazan Health Affairs , Ministry of Health , Ja zan , Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121207125696153_j_dmpt-2022-0154_ref_001","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration. 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