{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:27:48Z","timestamp":1790220468215,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern, prompting exploration of alternative therapies, including medicinal herbs.\n Glycyrrhiza glabra<\/jats:italic>\n (licorice) contains saponins, which may possess antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of saponin extracted from\n G.\u00a0glabra<\/jats:italic>\n and assess its safety and immunomodulatory effects\n in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Saponin was isolated from licorice roots using a Soxhlet apparatus with 70\u202f% ethanol as the extraction solvent over 168\u202fh. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antibacterial activity toward\n Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n was detected using broth microdilution method to evaluate minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n safety and immunomodulatory effects were assessed in\u00a0mice.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Saponin exhibited an IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n of 20.16\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.21\u202f\u03bcg\/mL in the DPPH assay. Inhibition zones against\n S.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n were observed at concentrations of 10\u202f\u03bcg\/mL (6.4\u202fmm), 20\u202f\u03bcg\/mL (17.6\u202fmm), and 50\u202f\u03bcg\/mL (21.9\u202fmm).\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , treatment with 20\u202f\u03bcg\/mL saponin resulted in a 0.06\u202f\u03bcg\/mL fold increase in IFN-\u03b3 levels compared to control without adverse effects on hepatic enzymes, hematological parameters, or histopathology.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Saponin from\n G.\u00a0glabra<\/jats:italic>\n demonstrates promising\n in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n antioxidant and antibacterial activities against\n S.\u00a0pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n , with favorable safety and immunomodulatory profiles\n in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n , supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2025-0042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T03:55:37Z","timestamp":1758945337000},"page":"175-186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In vivo<\/i>\n and\n in\u00a0vitro<\/i>\n evaluation of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of extraction of crude saponin isolated from licorice roots against\n Streptococcus<\/i>\n pneumoniae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Zinah Essam","family":"Hameed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pharmacognosy , College of Pharmacy, Al-Esraa University , Baghdad , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saja Majeed","family":"Shareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Pharmacy, Al-Esraa University , Baghdad , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Hussein","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Tikrit University , Tikrit , Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121207015114002_j_dmpt-2025-0042_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitetta, L, Saltzman, ET, Thomsen, M, Nikov, T, Hall, S. 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