{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T09:57:04Z","timestamp":1784887024828,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dmpt-2025-0077_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical relevance of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms in real-world patient populations requires further investigation. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CYP2C19 genetic variants in patients with GORD showing resistance to PPI therapy and possible clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dmpt-2025-0077_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with GORD and documented PPI resistance were identified from ambulatory reflux monitoring and endoscopy databases. EDTA blood samples were obtained for CYP2C19 genotyping using real-time polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridisation. Genotypes (phenotypes) were categorised into:\n                      <jats:italic>*1\/*1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (normal metabolisers, NMs),\n                      <jats:italic>*1\/*17<\/jats:italic>\n                      (rapid metabolisers, RMs),\n                      <jats:italic>*17\/*17<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ultra-rapid metabolisers, UMs),\n                      <jats:italic>*1\/*2, *2\/*17<\/jats:italic>\n                      (intermediate metabolisers, IMs),\n                      <jats:italic>*2\/*2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (poor metabolisers,\u00a0PMs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dmpt-2025-0077_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty patients were assessed (49 European ancestry, 28 male, modal age 50\u201359 years). Predominant resistance patterns included reflux hypersensitivity (n=19) and persistent oesophagitis (n=17). PPI therapy included esomeprazole (n=26), omeprazole (n=22), lansoprazole (n=2). Genotyping identified 26 NMs (52\u202f%), 8 RMs (16\u202f%), 14 IMs (28\u202f%), 2 PMs (4\u202f%); no UMs were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dmpt-2025-0077_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings from this preliminary study indicate a higher frequency of NMs and RMs compared to IMs and PMs in this PPI-resistant cohort with GORD. Most resistance was observed to the second-generation PPI esomeprazole. A limitation was the lack of a control group comprising PPI-sensitive patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2025-0077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:09:21Z","timestamp":1772298561000},"page":"29-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms and proton pump inhibitor therapy resistance in patients with gastrooesophageal reflux disease: a preliminary observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Jamie-Lee","family":"DeBattista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy , 37563 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta , Msida , Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-2179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziella","family":"Zahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology , Molecular Diagnostics-Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Mater Dei Hospital , Msida , Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Barbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology , Molecular Diagnostics-Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Mater Dei Hospital , Msida , Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9900-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Schembri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology , Mater Dei Hospital , Msida , Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3811-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian M.","family":"Azzopardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy , 37563 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta , Msida , Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3225-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy , 37563 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta , Msida , Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050115412480872_j_dmpt-2025-0077_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strand, DS, Kim, D, Peura, DA. 25\u00a0years of proton pump inhibitors: a comprehensive review. 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