{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:09:01Z","timestamp":1787022541963,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), previously known as central pontine myelinolysis, is a rare neurological condition characterized by demyelination of the pons or extrapontine areas including the midbrain, thalamus, basal nuclei, and cerebellum, resulting in upper motor neuron dysfunction and pseudobulbar palsy. We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with a history of alcohol dependence and end stage liver disease complicated by hepatic encephalopathy who developed symptoms suspicious of recurrent hepatic encephalopathy and experienced a generalized seizure during an inpatient stay. After 10 days of treatment with no improvement, it was noted that the patient had locked-in syndrome and that her sodium levels had rapidly risen 2 days prior. This led to a clinical suspicion of ODS, which was confirmed on T2-weighted MRI and subsequently on autopsy. In this clinical vignette, we review the clinical presentation, prognosis, and diagnostic considerations of ODS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2016-0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]],"date-time":"2016-04-26T06:04:55Z","timestamp":1461650695000},"page":"81-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Those eyes don\u2019t lie: a case of osmotic demyelination syndrome in a patient with hepatic encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Caleb J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Cathcart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics , University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.J.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics , University of Minnesota Medical School , 420 Delaware Street, SE, MMC 741, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121207163905510_j_dx-2016-0004_ref_001_w2aab2b8b9b1b7b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams RA, Victor M, Mancall EL. Central pontine myelinolysis: a hitherto undescribed disease occurring in alcoholics and malnourished patients. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1959;81: 154\u201372.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1959.02340140020004"},{"key":"2025121207163905510_j_dx-2016-0004_ref_002_w2aab2b8b9b1b7b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin RJ. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: the osmotic demyelination syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(Suppl 3):iii22\u20138.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.045906"},{"key":"2025121207163905510_j_dx-2016-0004_ref_003_w2aab2b8b9b1b7b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh TD, Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol 2014;21:1443\u201350.","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12571"},{"key":"2025121207163905510_j_dx-2016-0004_ref_004_w2aab2b8b9b1b7b1ab2b1b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berner ES, Graber ML. 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Medscape [internet]. 2015 [cited 2015 Jun 22]."},{"key":"2025121207163905510_j_dx-2016-0004_ref_008_w2aab2b8b9b1b7b1ab2b1b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kallakatta RN, Radhakrishnan A, Fayaz RK, Unnikrishnan JP, Kesavadas C, Sarma SP. Clinical and functional outcome and factors predicting prognosis in osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine and\/or extrapontine myelinolysis) in 25 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82:326\u201331.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.201764"},{"key":"2025121207163905510_j_dx-2016-0004_ref_009_w2aab2b8b9b1b7b1ab2b1b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laureno R, Karp BI. Myelinolysis after correction of hyponatremia. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:57\u201362.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-1-199701010-00008"},{"key":"2025121207163905510_j_dx-2016-0004_ref_010_w2aab2b8b9b1b7b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, Korzelius C, Schrier RW, Sterns RH, et al. 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