{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:35:26Z","timestamp":1780641326063,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dx-2024-0200_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin (FUO) resembles that of inflammation of unknown origin (IUO), but the concept and differential diagnosis of FUO with no inflammatory laboratory evidence (FUO-NIL) are unknown. The aim was to propose the concept of FUO-NIL and explore its differential diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dx-2024-0200_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study is a scoping review of FUO-NIL, defined as FUO with normal serum C-reactive protein (CRP). The PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant information. A study was considered eligible for enrolment if the final diagnosis was definitive and the CRP value was clearly noted as normal in each case. The data extracted included the patients\u2019 clinical information, final diagnosis, diagnostic tests performed, treatments, and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dx-2024-0200_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Summary and Outlook<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The full text of 342 of 3,084 articles were reviewed, and 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. The review identified 19 cases that were eligible for quantitative analysis. The disease categories were infection (n=10, 52.6\u202f%), malignancy (n=3, 15.8\u202f%), non-infectious, inflammatory disease (n=4, 21.1\u202f%), and miscellaneous (n=2, 10.5\u202f%). A more specific differential diagnosis included intracellular fungal infection, tuberculosis, malignancy, systemic lupus erythematosus, granulomatous diseases, Fabry disease, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and functional hyperthermia. FUO-NIL may have a unique differential diagnosis and have a different etiology from that of inflammatory FUO. In addition to the standard diagnostic work-up for FUO, tailored diagnostic strategies, including checking for a history of animal contact, the presence of hypohidrosis, and psychosocial stressors may be warranted in cases of FUO-NIL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2024-0200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T04:37:12Z","timestamp":1744346232000},"page":"304-312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A scoping review of fever of unknown origin with normal serum C-reactive protein"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Kano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and General Medicine , 13771 Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center , Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukinori","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine , Dokkyo Medical University Hospital , Shimotsuga , Tochigi , Japan"},{"name":"Japan Diagnostic Excellence Team, Cunkyo-ku , Japan ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshinori","family":"Nishizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine , St Luke\u2019s International Hospital , Chuo-ku , Tokyo , Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health , Institute of Science Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , Japan"},{"name":"Japan Diagnostic Excellence Team, Cunkyo-ku , Japan ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine , Dokkyo Medical University Hospital , Shimotsuga , Tochigi , Japan"},{"name":"Japan Diagnostic Excellence Team, Cunkyo-ku , Japan ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_001","unstructured":"David, A, Quinlan, JD. Fever of unknown origin in adults. Am Fam Physician 2022;105:137\u201343."},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, WF, Mulders-Manders, CM, Auwaerter, PG, Bleeker-Rovers, CP. Fever of unknown origin (FUO)\u00a0\u2013 a call for new research standards and updated clinical management. Am J Med 2022;135:173\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.07.038.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.07.038"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersdorf, RG, Beeson, PB. Fever of unexplained origin: report on 100 cases. Medicine (Baltim) 1961;40:1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005792-196102000-00001.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196102000-00001"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_004","unstructured":"Durack, DT, Street, AC. Fever of unknown origin--reexamined and redefined. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1991;11:35\u201351."},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderschueren, S, Del Biondo, E, Ruttens, D, Van Boxelaer, I, Wauters, E, Knockaert, DDC. Inflammation of unknown origin versus fever of unknown origin: two of a kind. Eur J Intern Med 2009;20:415\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2009.01.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2009.01.002"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepys, MB, Hirschfield, GM. C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Investig 2003;111:1805\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI18921.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318921"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodes, B, F\u00fcrnrohr, BG, Vyse, TJ. C-reactive protein in rheumatology: biology and genetics. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011;7:282\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.37.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.37"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidar, G, Singh, N. Fever of unknown origin. N Engl J Med 2022;386:463\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2111003.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2111003"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, WF, Auwaerter, PG. Fever and fever of unknown origin: review, recent advances, and lingering dogma. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020;7:ofaa132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa132.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa132"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mourad, O, Palda, V, Detsky, AS. A comprehensive evidence-based approach to fever of unknown origin. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:545\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.163.5.545.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.5.545"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Geest, KSM, Sandovici, M, Brouwer, E, Mackie, SL. Diagnostic accuracy of symptoms, physical signs, and laboratory tests for giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:1295\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3050.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3050"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naito, T, Torikai, K, Mizooka, M, Mitsumoto, F, Kanazawa, K, Ohno, S, et al.. Relationships between causes of fever of unknown origin and inflammatory markers: a multicenter collaborative retrospective study. Intern Med 2015;54:1989\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.3313.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.3313"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, CP, Liu, ZY, Liu, JP, Kang, Y, Mao, CS, Shang, J. Diagnostic value of common inflammatory markers on fever of unknown origin. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016;69:378\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.470.","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2015.470"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naito, T, Tanei, M, Ikeda, N, Ishii, T, Suzuki, T, Morita, H, et al.. Key diagnostic characteristics of fever of unknown origin in Japanese patients: a prospective multicentre study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e032059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032059.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032059"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limper, M, de Kruif, MD, Duits, AJ, Brandjes, DPM, van Gorp, ECM. The diagnostic role of procalcitonin and other biomarkers in discriminating infectious from non-infectious fever. J Infect 2010;60:409\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.03.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.03.016"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markanday, A. Acute phase reactants in infections: evidence-based review and a guide for clinicians. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015;2:ofv098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofv098.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv098"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasikhova, Y, Ludlow, S, Baluch, A. Fever in patients with cancer. Cancer Control 2017;24:193\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107327481702400212.","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481702400212"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zenone, T. Fever of unknown origin in rheumatic diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2007;21:1115\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2007.08.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.08.006"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulders-Manders, CM, Simon, A, Bleeker-Rovers, CP. Rheumatologic diseases as the cause of fever of unknown origin. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016;30:789\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2016.10.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.10.005"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleeker-Rovers, CP, Vos, FJ, de Kleijn, EMHA, Mudde, AH, Dofferhoff, TSM, Richter, C, et al.. A prospective multicenter study on fever of unknown origin: the yield of a structured diagnostic protocol. Medicine (Baltim) 2007;86:26\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0b013e31802fe858.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e31802fe858"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nau, V, Vogel, K, Englbrecht, M, Wacker, J, Schmidt, D, Manger, B, et al.. The value of 18F-FDG-PET\/CT in identifying the cause of fever of unknown origin (FUO) and inflammation of unknown origin (IUO): data from a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 2018;77:70\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211687.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211687"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleeker-Rovers, CP, Vos, FJ, Mudde, AH, Dofferhoff, ASM, de Geus-Oei, LF, Rijnders, AJ, et al.. A prospective multi-centre study of the value of FDG-PET as part of a structured diagnostic protocol in patients with fever of unknown origin. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 2007;34:694\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-006-0295-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-006-0295-z"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balink, H, Veeger, NJGM, Bennink, RJ, Slart, RHJA, Holleman, F, Van Eck-Smit, BLF, et al.. The predictive value of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for 18F-FDG PET\/CT outcome in patients with fever and inflammation of unknown origin. Nucl Med Commun 2015;36:604\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000300.","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000300"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn, Z, Peters, MDJ, Stern, C, Tufanaru, C, McArthur, A, Aromataris, E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol 2018;18:143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arksey, H, O\u2019Malley, L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 2005;8:19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1364557032000119616.","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, MDJ, Godfrey, C, McInerney, P, Munn, Z, Tricco, AC, Khalil, H. Scoping reviews (2020). In: Aromataris, E, Lockwood, C, Porritt, K, Pilla, B, Jordan, Z, editors. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI; 2024, vol 2024.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-09"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tricco, AC, Lillie, E, Zarin, W, O\u2019Brien, KK, Colquhoun, H, Levac, D, et al.. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 2018;169:467\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850.","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_028","unstructured":"Rathod, NM, Nanavati, R. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following Epstein-Barr infection in an adult, presenting as Pyrexia of unknown origin: a case report. J Int Med Sci Acad 2015;28:24\u20135."},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakayama, A, Kanamoto, Y, Moody, SY, Yaegashi, M. Time can tell what extensive work-ups cannot. J Gen Intern Med 2016;31:765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-016-3657-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3657-7"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamauchi, J, Ubara, Y, Suwabe, T, Yamanouchi, M, Hayami, N, Tominaga, N, et al.. Long-term preserved renal function of a patient with mass-forming granulomatous interstitial nephritis by biopsy-based steroid therapy. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010;14:625\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10157-010-0336-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-010-0336-6"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, SJ, Jang, SH, Jung, HJ, Jung, SK, Lee, BJ. A study on the fever of unknown origin indicated by janggam disease. J Physiol Pathol Korean Med 2014;28:683\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15188\/kjopp.2014.12.28.6.683.","DOI":"10.15188\/kjopp.2014.12.28.6.683"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horino, T, Ichii, O, Hamada-Ode, K, Matsumoto, T, Shimamura, Y, Inoue, K, et al.. Thyroid-like low-grade nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma: a case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2016;5:693\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mco.2016.1056.","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2016.1056"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziani, F, Ruggio, A, Iaconelli, A, Verrecchia, E, Morrone, A, Antuzzi, D, et al.. Anderson-Fabry\u2019s disease: a rare but treatable case of fever of unknown origin. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2017;4:000645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12890\/2017_000645.","DOI":"10.12890\/2017_000645"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oka, K, Tokumasu, K, Hagiya, H, Otsuka, F. Characteristics of functional hyperthermia detected in an outpatient clinic for fever of unknown origin. J Clin Med 2024;13:889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13030889.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030889"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini, N. The difficult diagnosis is the one you don\u2019t think about: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Ital J Med 2022;16:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/itjm.2022.s1.","DOI":"10.4081\/itjm.2022.s1"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht, H, Sk\u00f6rde, J, Arasteh, K, Heise, W, Stellbrink, HJ, Grosse, G, et al.. Disseminated toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients--report of 16 cases. Scand J Infect Dis 1995;27:71\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00365549509018976.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549509018976"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, F, Ye, H, Deng, C, Sun, L, Yuan, Y, Lu, Q, et al.. Diverse and atypical manifestations of Q fever in a metropolitan city hospital: emerging role of next-generation sequencing for laboratory diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii. PLoS Neglected Trop Dis 2022;16:e0010364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010364.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010364"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tajudin, SM, Zaidah, AR, Besari, AM, Hassan, SA, Ismai, N, Suraiya, S, et al.. Fever of unknown origin due to brucellosis in a non-endemic country: a report of six cases. Clin Microbiol Newsl 2019;41:110\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2019.05.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2019.05.004"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_039","unstructured":"Meintker, L, Kremer, A, Brandt, A, Sp\u00f6rl, S, Slanikova, A, Mackensen, A, et al.. Fever of unknown origin following allogeneic stem cell transplantation-an unusual case. Oncol Res Treat 2020;43:186."},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherif, E, Bel Feki, N, Ben Hassine, L, Khalfallah, N. Haemophagocytic syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with tuberculosis. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013:bcr2013008743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2013-008743.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-008743"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_041","unstructured":"Nariman, MJ, Andel, J, Salaheddin, J, Bachmayr, M, Pichler, R. Hepatic brucellosis detected by 18F-FDG PET\/CT. Hellenic J Nucl Med 2022;25:312\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1967\/s002449912518."},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuczia, P, Musial, J. Macrophage activation syndrome with features of myositis and acute pancreatitis as primary manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Pol Arch Intern Med 2018;129:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20452\/pamw.4398.","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.4398"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J, George, B. Primary bone marrow HIV-associated hodgkin lymphoma complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Genes (Basel) 2022;13:1608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13091608.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13091608"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shima, H, Nishitani, M, Tashiro, M, Inoue, T, Kawahara, K, Okada, K, et al.. Pulmonary sarcoidosis as a cause of intermittent fever of unknown origin in a hemodialysis patient with renal cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Hemodial Int 2019;23:E53\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hdi.12695.","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12695"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_045","unstructured":"Bandara Basnayake, D, Kannangara, T, Welagedara, L, Bandara, V, Herath, J. Fever of unknown origin in a male patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Caspian J Intern Med 2017;8:217\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22088\/cjim.8.3.217."},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, WF, Durso, SC, Forry, C, Rovers, CP. Fever of unknown origin. BMJ 2025;388:e080847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-080847.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080847"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L, Shi, Q, Shi, M, Liu, R, Wang, C. Diagnostic value of PCT and CRP for detecting serious bacterial infections in patients with fever of unknown origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017;25:e61\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000552.","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000552"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilavsky, E, Yarden-Bilavsky, H, Ashkenazi, S, Amir, J. C-reactive protein as a marker of serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants. Acta Paediatr 2009;98:1776\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01469.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01469.x"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olaciregui, I, Hernandez, U, Munoz, JA, Emparanza, JI, Landa, JJ. Markers that predict serious bacterial infection in infants under 3\u00a0months of age presenting with fever of unknown origin. Arch Dis Child 2009;94:501\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2008.146530.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.146530"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, DM, Oghumu, S, Gupta, G, McGwire, BS, Drew, ME, Satoskar, AR. Mechanisms of cellular invasion by intracellular parasites. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014;71:1245\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-013-1491-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1491-1"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_051","unstructured":"Mak, TW, Saunders, ME, Jett, BD. Primer to the immune response, 2nd ed Boston: Academic Cell; 2014:295\u2013332 pp."},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, N, Olano, JP, Feng, HM, Walker, DH. Current status of immune mechanisms of killing of intracellular microorganims. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002;207:111\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11038.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11038.x"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enocsson, H, Karlsson, J, Li, HY, Wu, Y, Kushner, I, Wetter\u00f6, J, et al.. The complex role of C-reactive protein in systemic lupus erythematosus. JCM 2021;10:5837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10245837.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245837"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, S, Tan, KT. Pyrexia and normal C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: always consider the possibility of infection in febrile patients with systemic lupus erythematosus regardless of CRP levels. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001;40:349\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.3.349.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.3.349"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gungor, S, Ozseker, F, Yalcinsoy, M, Akkaya, E, Can, G, Eroglu, H, et al.. Conventional markers in determination of activity of sarcoidosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2015;25:174\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.01.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.01.015"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munetsugu, T, Fujimoto, T, Oshima, Y, Sano, K, Murota, H, Satoh, T, et al.. Revised guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis in Japan. J Dermatol 2017;44:394\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1346-8138.13649.","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13649"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chia, KY, Tey, HL. Approach to hypohidrosis. Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27:799\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.12014.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12014"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goubran, M, Spaner, C, Li, A, Zoref-Lorenz, A, Jordan, M, Chen, LYC, et al.. PB2039: inflammatory markers in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis\u00a0\u2013 a single centre study. HemaSphere 2023;7:e499209c. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.HS9.0000974964.49920.9c.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000974964.49920.9c"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckett, M, Spaner, C, Goubran, M, Wade, J, Avina-Zubieta, JA, Setiadi, A, et al.. CRP and sCD25 help distinguish between adult-onset Still\u2019s disease and HLH. Eur J Haematol 2024;113:576\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejh.14267.","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14267"},{"key":"2025121206512921434_j_dx-2024-0200_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurado, RL. Why shouldn\u2019t we determine the erythrocyte sedimentation rate? Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:548\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/322605.","DOI":"10.1086\/322605"}],"container-title":["Diagnosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dx-2024-0200\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dx-2024-0200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T07:16:32Z","timestamp":1765523792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dx-2024-0200\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/dx-2024-0200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/dx-2024-0200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-802X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-802X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]}}}