{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:20:52Z","timestamp":1788175252167,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dx-2025-0063_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) involves the entrapment of the median nerve at the wrist. Despite acceptable sensitivity and specificity in diagnostics tests, errors persist, leading to unsuccessful treatments, especially when CTS is an early sign of other conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dx-2025-0063_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to identify red flags that may manifest as CTS or coexist with it, and to describe their clinical presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dx-2025-0063_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A PubMed search (2000\u20132025) yielded 622 articles, with 24 included in the review. Of these, 12 articles explored CTS and amyloidosis, three with neurological pathologies, three with tumours, two with rheumatic diseases, one with Raynaud\u2019s disease, one on CTS in children, and two with other conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_dx-2025-0063_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Outlook<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many conditions can be mistaken for CTS. Given its high prevalence, healthcare professionals must distinguish these to reduce surgical failures and improve early detection of conditions like cardiac amyloidosis or multiple sclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2025-0063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T04:57:19Z","timestamp":1753937839000},"page":"347-358","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Misdiagnosis in carpal tunnel syndrome: amyloidosis and other red flags. A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Men\u00e9ndez-C\u00e1mara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Alcorc\u00f3n , Spain"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine , Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Alcorc\u00f3n , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cecilia-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Elbow-Hand, Service of Traumatology and Orthopedics , Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Department of Surgery , Hospital Vithas La Milagrosa , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Viamed Santa Elena , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Garc\u00eda-Lamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Elbow-Hand, Service of Traumatology and Orthopedics , Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Castillo-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Elbow-Hand, Service of Traumatology and Orthopedics , Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5148-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Matesanz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Alcorc\u00f3n , Spain"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"165113 CranioSPain Research Group. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle , Alcorc\u00f3n , Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy , Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Alcorc\u00f3n , Spain"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ , Madrid , Spain"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid , Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padua, L, Coraci, D, Erra, C, Pazzaglia, C, Paolasso, I, Loreti, C, et al.. Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:1273\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422-16-30231-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30231-9"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matesanz, L, Hausheer, AC, Baskozos, G, Bennett, DLH, Schmid, AB. Somatosensory and psychological phenotypes associated with neuropathic pain in entrapment neuropathy. Pain 2021;162:1211\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002102.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002102"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlin, LB, Zimmerman, M, Calcagni, M, Hundepool, CA, Van Alfen, N, Chung, KC. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024;10:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-024-00521-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00521-1"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atroshi, I. Incidence of physician-diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome in the general population. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.203.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.203"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atroshi, I. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. JAMA 1999;282:153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.282.2.153.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.153"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bland, J, Rudolfer, S. Clinical surveillance of carpal tunnel syndrome in two areas of the United\u00a0Kingdom, 1991\u20132001. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1674\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.74.12.1674.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.12.1674"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R, Gamble, G, Cundy, T. Lifetime risk of symptomatic carpal tunnel syndrome in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc 2005;22:625\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01487.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01487.x"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dijk, MAJ, Reitsma, JB, Fischer, JC, Sanders, GTB. Indications for requesting laboratory tests for concurrent diseases in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review. Clin Chem 2003;49:1437\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/49.9.1437.","DOI":"10.1373\/49.9.1437"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadjerbashi, K, \u00c5kesson, A, Atroshi, I. Incidence of referred carpal tunnel syndrome and carpal tunnel release surgery in the general population: increase over time and regional variations. J\u00a0Orthop Surg 2019;27:230949901982557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2309499019825572.","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499019825572"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenfield, PT, Spencer, CC, Dawes, A, Wagner, ER, Gottschalk, MB, Daly, CA. The preoperative cost of carpal tunnel syndrome. J\u00a0Hand Surg 2022;47:752\u201361.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.07.027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.07.027"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodeur, PG, Raducha, JE, Patel, DD, Cruz, AI, Gil, JA. Cost drivers in carpal tunnel release surgery: an analysis of 8,717 patients in New York state. J\u00a0Hand Surg 2022;47:258\u201365.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.10.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2021.10.022"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as, C, Ortega-Santiago, R, D\u00edaz, HFS, Salom-Moreno, J, Cleland, JA, Pareja, JA, et al.. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of manual physical therapy versus surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome: evidence from a randomized clinical trial. J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2019.8483.","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8483"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korthals-de Bos, IB, Gerritsen, AA, Van Tulder, MW, Rutten-van M\u00f6lken, MP, Ad\u00e8r, HJ, De Vet, HC, et al.. Surgery is more cost-effective than splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome in the Netherlands: results of an economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. BMC Muscoskelet Disord 2006;7:86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-7-86.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-7-86"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubbard, ZS, Law, TY, Rosas, S, Jernigan, SC, Chim, H. Economic benefit of carpal tunnel release in the medicare patient population. Neurosurg Focus 2018;44:E16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2018.1.focus17802.","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.1.FOCUS17802"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atroshi, I, Zhou, C, J\u00f6ud, A, Petersson, IF, Englund, M. Sickness absence from work among persons with new physician-diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome: a population-based matched-cohort study. PLoS One 2015;10:e0119795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0119795.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119795"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dengler, J, Stephens, JD, Bamberger, HB, Moore, AM. Mimickers of carpal tunnel syndrome. JBJS Rev 2020;8:e0087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.rvw.19.00087.","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00087"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pauling, JD, Hughes, M, Pope, JE. Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon\u2014An update on diagnosis, classification and management. Clin Rheumatol 2019;38:3317\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-019-04745-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04745-5"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomson, CG, Hutchinson, PR, Stern, PJ. Misdiagnosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J\u00a0Hand Surg 2023;48:822\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.03.023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.03.023"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neale, G, Hogan, H, Sevdalis, N. Misdiagnosis: analysis based on case record review with proposals aimed to improve diagnostic processes. Clin Med (Lond) 2011;11:317\u201321.","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.11-4-317"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croskerry, P. The importance of cognitive errors in diagnosis and strategies to minimize them. Acad Med 2003;78:775\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001888-200308000-00003.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200308000-00003"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graber, M, Gordon, R, Franklin, N. Reducing diagnostic errors in medicine: what\u02bcs the goal? Acad Med 2002;77:981\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001888-200210000-00009.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200210000-00009"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padua, L, Cuccagna, C, Giovannini, S, Coraci, D, Pelosi, L, Loreti, C, et al.. Carpal tunnel syndrome: updated evidence and new questions. Lancet Neurol 2023;22:255\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422-22-00432-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00432-X"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabbagh, A, MacDermid, JC, Yong, J, Packham, TL, Macedo, LG, Ghodrati, M. Diagnostic accuracy of sensory and motor tests for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review. BMC Muscoskelet Disord 2021;22:337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04202-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04202-y"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabbagh, A, MacDermid, JC, Yong, J, Macedo, LG, Packham, TL. Diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic test accuracy of scales, questionnaires, and hand symptom Diagrams\u2014A systematic review. J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50:622\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2020.9599.","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9599"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, WL, Hanson, T, Fowler, JR. A comparison of 6 diagnostic tests for carpal tunnel syndrome ssing latent class analysis. Hand NYN 2020;15:776\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1558944719833709.","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944719833709"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiBenedetto, M, Soong, M, Hunter, A, Tolo, E, Clair, B, Kasparyan, NG. Prevalence and subtypes of tenosynovial amyloid in patients undergoing carpal tunnel release. J\u00a0Hand Surg 2022;47:540\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.02.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.02.013"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witt, JC, Stevens, JC. Neurologic disorders masquerading as carpal tunnel syndrome: 12 cases of failed carpal tunnel release. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:409\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1529-8027.2000.22-15.x.","DOI":"10.4065\/75.4.409"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan, J, Scala, S, Jones, HR, Saleh, F, Russell, JA. Inappropriate surgeries resulting from misdiagnosis of early amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2006;34:359\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.20555.","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20555"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onen, MR, Kayalar, AE, Ilbas, EN, Gokcan, R, Gulec, I, Naderi, S. The role of wrist MR imaging in the differential diagnosis of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Turk Neurosurg 2015;25:701\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5137\/1019-5149.JTN.10754-14.2.","DOI":"10.5137\/1019-5149.JTN.10754-14.2"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papoutsidakis, N, Miller, EJ, Rodonski, A, Jacoby, D. Time course of common clinical manifestations in patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: delay from symptom onset to diagnosis. J\u00a0Card Fail 2018;24:131\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cardfail.2017.12.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2017.12.005"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schauber, SK, Hecht, M, M Nouns, Z, Dettmer, S. On the role of biomedical knowledge in the acquisition of clinical knowledge. Med Educ 2013;47:1223\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/medu.12229.","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12229"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_032","unstructured":"Wipperman, J, Goerl, K. Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis and management. Carpal Tunn Syndr 2016;94."},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erickson, M, Lawrence, M, Jansen, CWS, Coker, D, Amadio, P, Cleary, C. Hand pain and sensory deficits: carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability and health from the academy of hand and upper extremity physical therapy and the academy of orthopaedic physical therapy of the American physical therapy association. J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2019.0301.","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.0301"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, AB, Bland, JDP, Bhat, MA, Bennett, DLH. The relationship of nerve fibre pathology to sensory function in entrapment neuropathy. Brain 2014;137:3186\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awu288.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu288"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soubeyrand, M, Melhem, R, Protais, M, Artuso, M, Cr\u00e9z\u00e9, M. Anatomy of the median nerve and its clinical applications. Hand Surg Rehabil 2020;39:2\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hansur.2019.10.197.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2019.10.197"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobeeh, MG, Ghozy, S, Elshazli, RM, Landry, M. Pain mechanisms in carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes. Pain 2022;163:e1054\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002566.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002566"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, DL, Vollert, J, Ridout, D, Alexander, CM, Rice, ASC. Responsiveness of quantitative sensory testing-derived sensory phenotype to disease-modifying intervention in patients with entrapment neuropathy: a longitudinal study. Pain 2021;162:2881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002277.","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002277"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanette, G, Cacciatori, C, Tamburin, S. Central sensitization in carpal tunnel syndrome with extraterritorial spread of sensory symptoms. Pain 2010;148:227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2009.10.025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.10.025"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zvonickova, K, Rhee, A, Sandy-Hindmarch, O, Furniss, D, Wiberg, A, Schmid, AB. Systemic low-grade C-reactive protein is associated with proximal symptom spread in carpal tunnel syndrome. Pain Rep 2024;9:e1156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pr9.0000000000001156.","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001156"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamburin, S, Cacciatori, C, Praitano, ML, Cazzarolli, C, Foscato, C, Fiaschi, A, et al.. Median nerve small- and large-fiber damage in carpal tunnel syndrome: a quantitative sensory testing study. J\u00a0Pain 2011;12:205\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.06.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.06.010"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabbagh, A, MacDermid, JC, Yong, J, Packham, TL, Grewal, R, Boutsikari, EC. Diagnostic test accuracy of provocative maneuvers for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther 2023;103:pzad029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad029.","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzad029"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler, JR. Nerve conduction studies for carpal tunnel syndrome: gold standard or unnecessary evil? Orthopedics 2017;40:141\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01477447-20170419-01.","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20170419-01"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bland, JDP. Use of nerve conduction studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. J\u00a0Hand Surg Eur 2023;48:976\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17531934231191685.","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934231191685"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonoo, M, Menkes, DL, Bland, JDP, Burke, D. Nerve conduction studies and EMG in carpal tunnel syndrome: do they add value? Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2018;3:78\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnp.2018.02.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2018.02.005"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly, JP, Hanna, M. Cardiac amyloidosis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Cleve Clin J Med 2017;84:12\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3949\/ccjm.84.s3.02.","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84.s3.02"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nativi-Nicolau, JN, Karam, C, Khella, S, Maurer, MS. Screening for ATTR amyloidosis in the clinic: overlapping disorders, misdiagnosis, and multiorgan awareness. Heart Fail Rev 2022;27:785\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-021-10080-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10080-2"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bay, K, Gustafsson, F, Maiborg, M, Bagger\u2010Bahnsen, A, Strand, AM, Pilgaard, T, et al.. Suspicion, screening, and diagnosis of wild\u2010type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: a systematic literature review. ESC Heart Fail 2022;9:1524\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.13884.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13884"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladefoged, B, Clemmensen, T, Dybro, A, Hartig\u2010Andreasen, C, Kirkeby, L, Gormsen, LC, et al.. Identification of wild\u2010type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome surgery (CACTuS). ESC Heart Fail 2022;10:234\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.14173.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14173"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleefeld, F, Scherret, E, Knebel, F, Messroghli, D, Heidecker, B, Wetz, C, et al.. Same, but different? The neurological presentation of wildtype transthyretin (ATTRwt) amyloidosis. Amyloid 2022;29:92\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13506129.2021.2014448.","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2021.2014448"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debonnaire, P, Claeys, M, De Smet, M, Trenson, S, Lycke, M, Demeester, C, et al.. Trends in diagnosis, referral, red flag onset, patient profiles and natural outcome of de novo cardiac amyloidosis and their multidisciplinary implications. Acta Cardiol 2022;77:791\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00015385.2021.1976450.","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2021.1976450"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappelli, F, Zampieri, M, Fumagalli, C, Nardi, G, Del Monaco, G, Matucci Cerinic, M, et al.. Tenosynovial complications identify TTR cardiac amyloidosis among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype. J\u00a0Intern Med 2021;289:831\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13200.","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13200"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunet, J, Rabarin, F, Maugendre, E, Cesari, B, Petit, A, Bigorre, N. Prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis in patients undergoing carpal tunnel surgery: a prospective cohort study and risk factor analysis. J\u00a0Hand Surg Eur;2023:17531934231218997.","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934231218997"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_053","unstructured":"Gannon, NP, Ward, CM. Results of implementation of amyloidosis screening for patients undergoing carpal tunnel release. J\u00a0Hand Surg 2023. [Internet] [cited 2024 May 2];0. Available from: https:\/\/www.jhandsurg.org\/article\/S0363-5023(22)00540-8\/abstract."},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vianello, PF, Malfa, GL, Tini, G, Mazzola, V, Miceli, A, Santolini, E, et al.. Prevalence of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy in Male patients who underwent bilateral carpal tunnel surgery: the ACTUAL study. Int J Cardiol 2021;329:144\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.12.044.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.12.044"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontorovich, AR, Benson, CB, McClellan, A, Belbin, GM, Kenny, EE, Abul-Husn, NS. Evolving knowledge of red flag clinical features associated with TTR p.(Val142Ile) in a diverse electronic health-record-linked biobank. Genet Med [Internet] 2025;27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gim.2024.101346. [cited 2025 Feb 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gimjournal.org\/article\/S1098-3600(24)00280-6\/abstract.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gim.2024.101346"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilchrist, JM, Dandapat, S. Neuromuscular mimics of entrapment neuropathies of upper extremities. Hand 2020;15:599\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1558944719898801.","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944719898801"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dailiana, ZH, Bougioukli, S, Varitimidis, S, Kontogeorgakos, V, Togia, E, Vlychou, M, et al.. Tumors and tumor-like lesions mimicking carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2014;134:139\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-013-1901-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-013-1901-8"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahiri, Y, Xu, L, Kanevsky, J, Luc, M. Lipofibromatous hamartoma of the median nerve: a comprehensive review and systematic approach to evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. J\u00a0Hand Surg 2013;38:2055\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.03.022.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.03.022"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_059","unstructured":"Deep palmar tumorous conditions of the hand [Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 29];Available from: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/epub\/10.1177\/2309499019840736"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muramatsu, K, Tanaka, H, Taguchi, T. Peripheral neuropathies of the forearm and hand in rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and options for treatment. Rheumatol Int 2008;28:951\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-008-0630-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0630-8"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saffar, P. Chondrocalcinosis of the wrist. J Hand Surg Br 2004;29:486\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsb.2004.02.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSB.2004.02.013"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke, R, Lawson, I, Gillibrand, S, Cooke, A. Carpal tunnel syndrome and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a narrative review. Occup Med 2022;72:170\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqab158.","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqab158"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potulska-Chromik, A, Lipowska, M, Gawel, M, Ryniewicz, B, Maj, E, Kostera-Pruszczyk, A. Carpal tunnel syndrome in children. J\u00a0Child Neurol 2014;29:227\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073813504458.","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813504458"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_064","unstructured":"Bohn, DC. What\u2019s new in hand surgery. J\u00a0Bone Jt Surg [Internet] 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/jbjs.23.01343. [cited 2024 Oct 4];Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.2106\/JBJS.23.01343."},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picken, MM. The pathology of amyloidosis in classification: a review. Acta Haematol 2020;143:322\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000506696.","DOI":"10.1159\/000506696"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shetty, NS, Pampana, A, Patel, N, Maurer, MS, Goyal, P, Li, P, et al.. Carpal tunnel syndrome and transthyretin amyloidosis in the all of us research program. Mayo Clin Proc 2024;S0025619623005645.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.11.016"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milandri, A, Farioli, A, Gagliardi, C, Longhi, S, Salvi, F, Curti, S, et al.. Carpal tunnel syndrome in cardiac amyloidosis: implications for early diagnosis and prognostic role across the spectrum of aetiologies. Eur J Heart Fail 2020;22:507\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.1742.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1742"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connors, LH, Sam, F, Skinner, M, Salinaro, F, Sun, F, Ruberg, FL, et al.. Heart failure due to age-related cardiac amyloid disease associated with wild-type transthyretin: a prospective, observational cohort study. Circulation 2016;133:282\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.115.018852.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018852"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly, JP, Hanna, M, Sperry, BW, Seitz, WH. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a potential early, red-flag sign of amyloidosis. J\u00a0Hand Surg 2019;44:868\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.06.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.06.016"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa, M, Sekijima, Y, Yazaki, M, Tojo, K, Yoshinaga, T, Doden, T, et al.. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a common initial symptom of systemic wild-type ATTR (ATTRwt) amyloidosis. Amyloid 2016;23:58\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13506129.2015.1135792.","DOI":"10.3109\/13506129.2015.1135792"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownlee, WJ, Hardy, TA, Fazekas, F, Miller, DH. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: progress and challenges. Lancet 2017;389:1336\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736-16-30959-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30959-X"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, AJ, Banwell, BL, Barkhof, F, Carroll, WM, Coetzee, T, Comi, G, et al.. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:162\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422-17-30470-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomon, AJ, Naismith, RT, Cross, AH. Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2019;92:26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000006583.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006583"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirst, C, Ingram, G, Pickersgill, T, Swingler, R, Compston, DAS, Robertson, NP. Increasing prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in south east Wales. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:386\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2008.144667.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.144667"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lublin, FD, Reingold, SC, Cohen, JA, Cutter, GR, S\u00f8rensen, PS, Thompson, AJ, et al.. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology 2014;83:278\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0000000000000560.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiernan, MC, Vucic, S, Cheah, BC, Turner, MR, Eisen, A, Hardiman, O, et al.. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 2011;377:942\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736-10-61156-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61156-7"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shefner, JM, Al-Chalabi, A, Baker, MR, Cui, LY, de Carvalho, M, Eisen, A, et al.. A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS. Clin Neurophysiol 2020;131:1975\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.04.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.04.005"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belsh, JM. Misdiagnosis in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:2301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390220055011.","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390220055011"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_079","unstructured":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or not: Keys for the diagnosis - ScienceDirect [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 18];Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S003537871730471X?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=86652caa2c3f37c7"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, R, Binder, A, Wasner, G. Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:807\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422-10-70143-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70143-5"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molaverdi, G, Kamal, Z, Safavi, M, Shafiee, A, Mozhgani, SH, Ghobadi, MZ, et al.. Neurological complications after COVID-19: a narrative review. eNeurologicalSci 2023;33:100485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensci.2023.100485.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2023.100485"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chopra, K, Tiwari, V. Alcoholic neuropathy: possible mechanisms and future treatment possibilities. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;73:348\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04111.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04111.x"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argyriou, AA, Bruna, J, Kalofonou, F, Velasco, R, Litsardopoulos, P, Alemany, M, et al.. Incidence and risk factors for developing chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in 500 cancer patients: a file-based observational study. J\u00a0Peripher Nerv Syst 2024;29:38\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jns.12616.","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12616"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan, G, Selvarajah, D, Tesfaye, S. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021;17:400\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-021-00496-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00496-z"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagatur, AE, Zorer, G. The carpal tunnel syndrome is a bilateral disorder. J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br 2001;83:655\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.83b5.0830655.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B5.0830655"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padua, L, Padua, R, Nazzaro, M, Tonali, P. Incidence of bilateral symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome. J\u00a0Hand Surg Edinb Scotl 1998;23:603\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0266-7681-98-80010-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(98)80010-7"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiberg, A, Ng, M, Schmid, AB, Smillie, RW, Baskozos, G, Holmes, MV, et al.. A genome-wide association analysis identifies 16 novel susceptibility loci for carpal tunnel syndrome. Nat Commun 2019;10:1030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-08993-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08993-6"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman, EL, Callaghan, BC, Pop-Busui, R, Zochodne, DW, Wright, DE, Bennett, DL, et al.. Diabetic neuropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019;5:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elafros, MA, Andersen, H, Bennett, DL, Savelieff, MG, Viswanathan, V, Callaghan, BC, et al.. Towards prevention of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and new treatments. Lancet Neurol 2022;21:922\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422-22-00188-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00188-0"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S, Rayman, G. Frontiers in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in diabetic sensorimotor neuropathy (DSPN). Front Endocrinol 2023;14:1165505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1165505.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1165505"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolke, R, Baron, R, Maier, C, T\u00f6lle, TR, Treede, -DR, Beyer, A, et al.. Quantitative sensory testing in the German research network on neuropathic pain (DFNS): standardized protocol and reference values. Pain 2006;123:231\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, PY, Hani, SS, Cheng, YG, Zainuddin, Z, Singh, H, Loh, KW. The proportion of undiagnosed diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its associated factors among patients with T2DM attending urban health clinics in Selangor. Malays Fam Physician Off J Acad Fam Physicians Malays 2022;17:36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51866\/oa1297.","DOI":"10.51866\/oa1297"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, J, Kim, YW, Lee, SC, Yang, SN, Chang, JS, Yoon, SY. Effects of diabetes mellitus on the rate of carpal tunnel release in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Sci Rep 2021;11:15858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-95316-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95316-9"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpitskaya, Y, Novak, CB, Mackinnon, SE. Prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid disease in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Ann Plast Surg 2002;48:269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000637-200203000-00007.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-200203000-00007"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, M, Gotts\u00e4ter, A, Dahlin, LB. Carpal tunnel syndrome and Diabetes\u2014A comprehensive review. J\u00a0Clin Med 2022;11:1674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11061674.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061674"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terkelsen, AJ, Karlsson, P, Lauria, G, Freeman, R, Finnerup, NB, Jensen, TS. The diagnostic challenge of small fibre neuropathy: clinical presentations, evaluations, and causes. Lancet Neurol 2017;16:934\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422-17-30329-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30329-0"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devigili, G, Rinaldo, S, Lombardi, R, Cazzato, D, Marchi, M, Salvi, E, et al.. Diagnostic criteria for small fibre neuropathy in clinical practice and research. Brain 2019;142:3728\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awz333.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz333"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, MJH, Bakkers, M, Merkies, ISJ, Hoeijmakers, JGJ, van Raak, EPM, Faber, CG. Incidence and prevalence of small-fiber neuropathy: a survey in the Netherlands. Neurology 2013;81:1356\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.0b013e3182a8236e.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a8236e"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoshnoodi, MA, Truelove, S, Burakgazi, A, Hoke, A, Mammen, AL, Polydefkis, M. Longitudinal assessment of small fiber neuropathy: evidence of a non\u2013length-dependent distal axonopathy. JAMA Neurol 2016;73:684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0057.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0057"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pop-Busui, R, Boulton, AJM, Feldman, EL, Bril, V, Freeman, R, Malik, RA, et al.. Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care 2017;40:136\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-2042.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2042"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemmatzadeh, M, Ahangar Parvin, E, Mohammadi, H, Azizi, G, Shomali, N, Jadidi-Niaragh, F. The role of immune regulatory molecules in rheumatoid arthritis: implication for etiopathogenesis and prospective for treatment. J\u00a0Cell Physiol 2022;237:3541\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.30855.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30855"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, V, Singh, R, Wiclaf, CS, Tahlan, A, Ahuja, CK. A clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological study of neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:841\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-007-0804-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-007-0804-x"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maverakis, E, Patel, F, Kronenberg, D, Chung, L, Fiorentino, D, Allanore, Y, et al.. International consensus criteria for the diagnosis of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon. J\u00a0Autoimmun 2014;0:60\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.020"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtiss, P, Svigos, K, Schwager, Z, Sicco, KL, Franks, AG. Part I: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon. J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol 2024;90:223\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.06.1199.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.06.1199"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, P, Mohokum, M, Schlattmann, P. The association of Raynaud\u2019s syndrome with carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int 2012;32:569\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-011-2122-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2122-5"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassi, W, De Angelis, R, Lapadula, G, Leardini, G, Scarpa, R. Clinical diagnosis found in patients with Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a multicentre study. Rheumatol Int 1998;18:17\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002960050048.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002960050048"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siqueira, MG, Martins, RS, Foroni, L, de Oliveira, AJM, Lordelo, G, Heise, CO. Fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the median nerve: an unusual cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2023;11:e7022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccr3.7022.","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.7022"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natroshvili, T, Peperkamp, K, Malyar, MA, Wijnberg, D, Heine, EP, Walbeehm, ET. Rare tumours causing median nerve compression in Adults\u2014A narrative review. Arch Plast Surg 2022;49:656\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1756345.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1756345"},{"key":"2026083110583454061_j_dx-2025-0063_ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, L, Vedanarayanan, VV. Carpal tunnel syndrome in children. Pediatr Neurol 2014;50:57\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.019"}],"container-title":["Diagnosis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dx-2025-0063\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dx-2025-0063\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:00:16Z","timestamp":1788174016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/dx-2025-0063\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/dx-2025-0063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/dx-2025-0063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-8011","2194-802X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2194-8011","type":"print"},{"value":"2194-802X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}