{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T14:10:27Z","timestamp":1764771027102,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_fhep-2019-0020_s_999\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The optimal timing of treatment with vitamin D therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), vitamin D insufficiency, and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a pressing question in nephrology with economic and patient outcome implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_fhep-2019-0020_s_998\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of earlier vitamin D treatment in CKD patients not on dialysis with vitamin D insufficiency and SHPT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_fhep-2019-0020_s_997\">\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cost-effectiveness analysis based on a Markov model of CKD progression was developed from the Medicare perspective. The model follows a hypothetical cohort of 1000 Stage 3 or 4 CKD patients over a 5-year time horizon. The intervention was vitamin D therapy initiated in CKD stages 3 or 4 through CKD stage 5\/end-stage renal disease (ESRD) versus initiation in CKD stage 5\/ESRD only. The outcomes of interest were cardiovascular (CV) events averted, fractures averted, time in CKD stage 5\/ESRD, mortality, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and costs associated with clinical events and CKD stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_fhep-2019-0020_s_996\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D treatment in CKD stages 3 and 4 was a dominant strategy when compared to waiting to treat until CKD stage 5\/ESRD. Total cost savings associated with treatment during CKD stages 3 and 4, compared to waiting until CKD stage 5\/ESRD, was estimated to be $19.9 million. The model estimated that early treatment results in 159 averted CV events, 5 averted fractures, 269 fewer patient-years in CKD stage 5, 41 fewer deaths, and 191 additional QALYs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_fhep-2019-0020_s_995\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initiating vitamin D therapy in CKD stages 3 or 4 appears to be cost-effective, largely driven by the annual costs of care by CKD stage, CV event costs, and risks of hypercalcemia. Further research demonstrating causal relationships between vitamin D therapy and patient outcomes is needed to inform decision making regarding vitamin D therapy timing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/fhep-2019-0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T04:03:44Z","timestamp":1583381024000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cost-Effectiveness and Estimated Health Benefits of Treating Patients with Vitamin D in Pre-Dialysis"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Snyder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BluePath Solutions , 10951 W. Pico Blvd. Suite 120 Los Angeles, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Hollenbeak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University , Department of Health Policy and Administration , University Park, PA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Kalantar-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Gitlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BluePath Solutions , 10951 W. Pico Blvd. Suite 120 Los Angeles, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akhtar","family":"Ashfaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical R & D and Medical Affairs, Renal Division, Opko Pharmaceuticals , Miami, FL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_001","unstructured":"Anwar, N., and M. Riad Mahmoud. 2014. \u201cA Stochastic Model for the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4: 8\u201319."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asche, C. V., S. E. Marx, J. Kim, S. K. Unni, and D. Andress. 2012. \u201cImpact of Elevated Intact Parathyroid Hormone on Mortality and Renal Disease Progression in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4.\u201d Current Medical Research and Opinion 28 (9): 1527\u20131536.","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.716029"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_003","unstructured":"Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2015. Consumer Decisions Regarding Health Plan Choices, in the 2014 and 2015 Marketplaces. Accessed June 17, 2018. Internet: https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/basic-report\/consumer-decisions-regarding-health-plan-choices-2014-and-2015-marketplaces."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto, Daniela Veit, Fellype Carvalho Barreto, Sophie Liabeuf, Mohammed Temmar, Francis Boitte, Gabriel Choukroun, Albert Fournier, and Ziad A. Massy. 2009. \u201cVitamin D Affects Survival Independently of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 4 (6): 1128\u20131135.","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00260109"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_005","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: 2016 Part D Prescriber Data. Accessed December 16, 2017. Internet: https:\/\/data.cms.gov\/Medicare-Part-D\/Medicare-Provider-Utilization-and-Payment-Data-201\/yvpj-pmj2\/data."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalrymple, Lorien S., Ronit Katz, Bryan Kestenbaum, Michael G. Shlipak, Mark J. Sarnak, Catherine Stehman-Breen, Stephen Seliger, David Siscovick, Anne B. Newman, and Linda Fried. 2011. \u201cChronic Kidney Disease and the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease Versus Death.\u201d Journal of General Internal Medicine 26 (4): 379\u2013385.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1511-x"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damien, Paul, Holly J. Lanham, Murali Parthasarathy, and Nikhil L. Shah. 2016. \u201cAssessing Key Cost Drivers Associated with Caring for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.\u201d BMC Health Services Research 16 (1): 690.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1922-4"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, Evan W., Louis S. Matza, Gavin Worth, David H. Feeny, Jacqueline Kostelec, Steven Soroka, David Mendelssohn, Philip McFarlane, and Vasily Belozeroff. 2015. \u201cHealth State Utilities Associated with Major Clinical Events in the Context of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease Requiring Dialysis.\u201d Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 13 (1): 90.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0266-9"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durup, Darshana, Henrik L\u00f8vendahl J\u00f8rgensen, Jane Christensen, Anne Tj\u00f8nneland, Anja Olsen, Jytte Halkj\u00e6r, Bent Lind, Anne-Marie Heegaard, and Peter Schwarz. 2015. \u201cA Reverse J-Shaped Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: The CopD Study.\u201d The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100 (6): 2339\u20132346.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4551"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elder, Grahame J., and Kenneth Mackun. 2006. \u201c25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Predict Reduced BMD in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 (11): 1778\u20131784.","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060803"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, Meghan J., Matthew T. James, Robert R. Quinn, Pietro Ravani, Marcello Tonelli, Luz Palacios-Derflingher, Zhi Tan, B. J. Manns, G. A. Kline, P. E. Ronksley, and B. R. Hemmelgarn. 2013. \u201cEstimated GFR and Fracture Risk: A Population-Based Study.\u201d Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 8 (8): 1367\u20131376.","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09130912"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ennis, Jennifer L., Elaine M. Worcester, Fredric L. Coe, and Stuart M. Sprague. 2016. \u201cCurrent Recommended 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Targets for Chronic Kidney Disease Management may be too Low.\u201d Journal of Nephrology 29 (1): 63\u201370.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-015-0186-0"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eriksen, B. O., and O. C. Ingebretsen. 2006. \u201cThe Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A 10-Year Population-Based Study of the Effects of Gender and Age.\u201d Kidney International 69 (2): 375\u2013382.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000058"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go, Alan S., Glenn M. Chertow, Dongjie Fan, Charles E. McCulloch, and Chi-yuan Hsu. 2004. \u201cChronic Kidney Disease and the Risks of Death, Cardiovascular Events, and Hospitalization.\u201d New England Journal of Medicine 351 (13): 1296\u20131305.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041031"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goicoechea, Marian, Soledad Garc\u00eda de Vinuesa, Francisco G\u00f3mez-Campder\u00e1, and Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00f1o. 2005. \u201cPredictive Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).\u201d Kidney International 67: S35\u2013S38.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09308.x"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorodetskaya, Irina, Stefanos Zenios, Charles E. Mcculloch, Alan Bostrom, Chi-Yuan Hsu, Andrew B. Bindman, Alan S. Go, and Glenn M. Chertow. 2005. \u201cHealth-Related Quality of Life and Estimates of Utility in Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d Kidney International 68 (6): 2801\u20132808.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00752.x"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillner, Bruce E., Jane C. Weeks, Christopher E. Desch, and Thomas J. Smith. 2000. \u201cPamidronate in Prevention of Bone Complications in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.\u201d Journal of Clinical Oncology 18 (1): 72\u201372.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.1.72"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holick, Michael F., Neil C. Binkley, Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, Catherine M. Gordon, David A. Hanley, Robert P. Heaney, M. Hassan Murad, and Connie M. Weaver. 2011. \u201cEvaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.\u201d The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96 (7): 1911\u20131930.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_019","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation. 2018. Health Insurance Coverage of the Total Population, 2018. Internet: https:\/\/www.kff.org\/other\/state-indicator\/total-population\/."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandula, Praveen, Mirela Dobre, Jesse D. Schold, Martin J. Schreiber, Rajnish Mehrotra, and Sankar D. Navaneethan. 2011. \u201cVitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials.\u201d Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 6 (1): 50\u201362.","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03940510"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_021","unstructured":"Karlsson, S. L., O. S. Indridason, L. Franzson, and G. Sigurdsson. 2005. \u201cPrevalence of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and Causal Factors in Adult Population in Reykjavik Area.\u201d Laeknabladid 91 (2): 161\u2013169."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). 2017. \u201cClinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease\u2013Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD).\u201d Kidney Int Suppl 7 (1): 1\u201359.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2017.04.001"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_023","unstructured":"Kubacki, Maureen, Chureen Carter, Alan DL Herrera, Jim Wang, Janice M. Lopez, and Catherine T. Piech. 2009. \u201cHealth Plan Retention and Pharmacy Costs of Newly Diagnosed Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Managed Care Population.\u201d American Health & Drug Benefits 2 (7): 283."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaClair, Robert E., Richard N. Hellman, Sharon L. Karp, Michael Kraus, Susan Ofner, Qian Li, Karen L. Graves, and Sharon M. Moe. 2005. \u201cPrevalence of Calcidiol Deficiency in CKD: A Cross-Sectional Study Across Latitudes in the United States.\u201d American Journal of Kidney Diseases 45 (6): 1026\u20131033.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.02.029"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_025","unstructured":"Lee, Andrew, V. Belozerff, and Xue Song. 2013. \u201cCost of Treatment and Clinical Events for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.\u201d Am J Pharm Benefits 5 (2): e24\u2013e35."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, A., G. L. Bakris, M. Molitch, M. Smulders, J. Tian, L. A. Williams, and D. L. Andress. 2007. \u201cPrevalence of Abnormal Serum Vitamin D, PTH, Calcium, and Phosphorus in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Results of the Study to Evaluate Early Kidney Disease.\u201d Kidney International 71 (1): 31\u201338.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002009"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Xiao-Hua, Li Feng, Zhen-Hua Yang, and Yun-Hua Liao. 2015. \u201cEffect of Active Vitamin D on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Predialysis Chronic Kidney Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\u201d Nephrology 20 (10): 706\u2013714.","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12505"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lishmanov, Anton, Smrita Dorairajan, Youngju Pak, Kunal Chaudhary, and Anand Chockalingam. 2012. \u201cElevated Serum Parathyroid Hormone is a Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d International urology and Nephrology 44 (2): 541\u2013547.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-010-9897-2"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Castelao, Alberto, Jos\u00e9 L. G\u00f3rriz, Jos\u00e9 M. Portol\u00e9s, Fernando De Alvaro, Aleix Cases, Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00f1o, Juan F. Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez, Rafael Montes, Juan J De la Cruz-Troca, Aparna Natarajan, and Daniel Batlle. 2011. \u201cBaseline Characteristics of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3 and Stage 4 in Spain: The MERENA Observational Cohort Study.\u201d BMC Nephrology 12 (1): 53.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-12-53"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrotra, Rajnish, Dulcie A. Kermah, Isidro B. Salusky, Myles S. Wolf, Ravi I. Thadhani, Yi-Wen Chiu, David Martins, Sharon G. Adler, and Keith C. Norris. 2009. \u201cChronic Kidney Disease, Hypovitaminosis D, and Mortality in the United States.\u201d Kidney International 76 (9): 977\u2013983.","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.288"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, Daniel, Charles E. McCulloch, Feng Lin, Tanushree Banerjee, Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham, Mark S. Eberhardt, Hal Morgenstern, M. E. Pavkov, R. Saran, N. R. Powe, C. Y. Hsu; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chronic Kidney Disease Surveillance Team. 2016. \u201cTrends in Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States.\u201d Annals of Internal Medicine 165 (7): 473\u2013481.","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0273"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naylor, Kyla L., Eric McArthur, William D. Leslie, Lisa-Ann Fraser, Sophie A. Jamal, Suzanne M. Cadarette, Jennie G. Pouget, Charmaine E. Lok, Anthony B. Hodsman, Jonathan D. Adachi, and Amit X. Garg. 2014. \u201cThe Three-Year Incidence of Fracture in Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d Kidney International 86 (4): 810\u2013818.","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.547"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare, Ann M., Daniel Bertenthal, Kenneth E. Covinsky, C. Seth Landefeld, Saunak Sen, Kala Mehta, Michael A. Steinman, Ann Borzecki, and Louise C. Walter. 2006. \u201cMortality Risk Stratification in Chronic Kidney Disease: One Size for all Ages?.\u201d Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 17 (3): 846\u2013853.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005090986"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, S. C., D. O. McGregor, J. C. Craig, G. Elder, P. Macaskill, and G. F. Strippoli. 2009. \u201cVitamin D Compounds for People with Chronic Kidney Disease not Requiring Dialysis.\u201d Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD005633. DOI: 10.1002\/14651858.CD005633.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005633.pub2"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilz, Stefan, Simona Iodice, Armin Zittermann, William B. Grant, and Sara Gandini. 2011. \u201cVitamin D Status and Mortality Risk in CKD: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.\u201d American Journal of Kidney Diseases 58 (3): 374\u2013382.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.03.020"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravani, Pietro, Fabio Malberti, Giovanni Tripepi, Paola Pecchini, Sebastiano Cutrupi, Patrizia Pizzini, Francesca Mallamaci, and Carmine Zoccali. 2009. \u201cVitamin D Levels and Patient Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d Kidney International 75 (1): 88\u201395.","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.501"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_037","unstructured":"Red Book. IBM Micromedex. 2017. Accessed December 16, 2017. Internet: http:\/\/www.micromedexsolutions.com\/micromedex2\/librarian\/PFActionId\/evidencexpert.ShowRedBookSearchResultsForActiveIngredient?SearchTerm=Tocilizumab&navResults=relatedProductLookupRedBook. Published 2017."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivadeneira, Fernando, M. Carola Zillikens, Chris EDH De Laet, Albert Hofman, Andr\u00e9 G. Uitterlinden, Thomas J. Beck, and Huibert A. P. Pols. 2007. \u201cFemoral Neck BMD is a Strong Predictor of Hip Fracture Susceptibility in Elderly Men and Women Because it Detects Cortical Bone Instability: The Rotterdam Study.\u201d Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 22 (11): 1781\u20131790.","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070712"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, Gillian D., Peter J. Neumann, Anirban Basu, Dan W. Brock, David Feeny, Murray Krahn, Karen M. Kuntz, D. O. Meltzer, D. K. Owens, L. A. Prosser, J. A. Salomon, M. J. Sculpher, T. A. Trikalinos, L. B. Russell, J. E. Siegel, and T. G. Ganiats. 2016. \u201cRecommendations for Conduct, Methodological Practices, and Reporting of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses: Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine.\u201d JAMA 316 (10): 1093\u20131103.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12195"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitt, Kristen E., Christine F. Edie, Paul Laflam, Loretta A. Simbartl, and Charuhas V. Thakar. 2010. \u201cAdherence to Antihypertensive Agents and Blood Pressure Control in Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d American Journal of Nephrology 32 (6): 541\u2013548.","DOI":"10.1159\/000321688"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavroulopoulos, Aristeidis, Christine J. Porter, Simon D. Roe, David J. Hosking, and Michael J. D. Cassidy. 2008. \u201cRelationship between Vitamin D Status, Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4.\u201d Nephrology 13 (1): 63\u201367.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2007.00860.x"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomida, Kodo, Takayuki Hamano, Satoshi Mikami, Naohiko Fujii, Noriyuki Okada, Isao Matsui, Yasuyuki Nagasawa, T. Moriyama, T. Ito, E. Imai, Y. Isaka, and H. Rakugi. 2009. \u201cSerum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D as an Independent Determinant of 1-84 PTH and Bone Mineral Density in Non-Diabetic Predialysis CKD Patients.\u201d Bone 44 (4): 678\u2013683.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.11.016"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_043","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2019. Monthly Population Estimates for the United States: April 1, 2010 to December 1, 2020 (NA-EST2019-01) Release Date: December 2019. Internet: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-kits\/2019\/national-state-estimates.html."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_044","unstructured":"United States Renal Data System. 2017. Annual Data Report. Accessed December 16, 2017. Internet: https:\/\/www.usrds.org\/adr.aspx."},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West, Sarah L., Charmaine E. Lok, Lisa Langsetmo, Angela M. Cheung, Eva Szabo, Dawn Pearce, Maria Fusaro, Ron Wald, Jordan Weinstein, and Sophie A. Jamal. 2015. \u201cBone Mineral Density Predicts Fractures in Chronic Kidney Disease.\u201d Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 30 (5): 913\u2013919.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2406"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Lijuan, Xuesi Wan, Zhimin Huang, Fangfang Zeng, Guohong Wei, Donghong Fang, Wanping Deng, and Yanbing Li. 2013. \u201cImpact of Vitamin D on Chronic Kidney Diseases in Non-Dialysis Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.\u201d PLoS One 8 (4): e61387.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061387"},{"key":"2025120313461176529_j_fhep-2019-0020_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Zhenfeng, Huilan Shi, Junya Jia, Dong Li, and Shan Lin. 2013. \u201cVitamin D Supplementation and Mortality Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis of 20 Observational Studies.\u201d BMC Nephrology 14 (1): 199.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-199"}],"container-title":["Forum for Health Economics and Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/journals\/fhep\/23\/1\/article-20190020.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/fhep-2019-0020\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/fhep-2019-0020\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T13:47:27Z","timestamp":1764769647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/fhep-2019-0020\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/fhep-2019-0020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/fhep-2019-0020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-9544"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-9544"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"article-number":"20190020"}}