{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:25:36Z","timestamp":1793319936872,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The metabolic syndrome is a socially important disorder of energy utilization and storage, recognized as a factor predisposing to the development of depression, anxiety and cognitive impairment in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In the present study we examined the effects of vitamin K2 on the behavior of rats with metabolic syndrome and looked for relationships with the effects on blood sugar.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Male Wistar rats were divided in four groups: a control group on a regular rat chow, a metabolic syndrome (MS) group fed a high-fat high-fructose diet, a control group treated with vitamin K2 and a MS group treated with vitamin K2. Vitamin K2 was given by gavage. At the end of the study (after 10 weeks) behavioral tests were performed and fasting blood glucose was measured. Anxiety was determined using the social interaction test and depression was assessed by the Porsolt test. Memory effects were estimated by the object recognition test. Correlations between fasting blood glucose and behavioral performance were analyzed.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The rats from the MS group had elevated blood glucose. They had anxiety, depression and memory deficit. Vitamin K2 normalized blood glucose, reduced anxiety and depression, but did not improve memory. Time of social interaction (inverse index of anxiety) and memory recognition were negatively correlated with blood glucose in the untreated rats but the immobility time (measure of depression) was not. When vitamin K2-treated rats were added, the correlation of blood glucose with the time of social interaction was kept, but the one with the recognition memory was lost. It might be that the anxiolytic effect of vitamin K2 in this setting is at least partly due to its effects on blood glucose, while the anti-depressant effect is glucose-independent.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The present study demonstrated that vitamin K2 prevented the development of anxiety and depression, but did not improve the memory deficit caused by the dietary manipulation in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome. It might be that the anxiolytic effect of vitamin K2 is at least partly due to its effects on blood glucose, while the antidepressant effect is glucose-independent.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/folmed-2016-0032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T05:01:51Z","timestamp":1483938111000},"page":"264-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Vitamin K2 Improves Anxiety and Depression but not Cognition in Rats with Metabolic Syndrome: a Role of Blood Glucose?"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Silvia M.","family":"Gancheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D.","family":"Zhelyazkova-Savova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.033498","article-title":"Dietary phylloquinone intake and risk of type diabetes in elderly subjects at high risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"96","author":"Ibarrola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1307","article-title":"The possible role of vitamin K deficiency in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer s disease and in augmenting brain damage associated with cardiovascular disease","volume":"57","author":"Allison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-011-0430-z","article-title":"The novel object recognition memory : neurobiology , test procedure , and its modifications","volume":"13","author":"Antunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"23","article-title":"Experimental models of metabolic syndrome in rats","volume":"47","author":"Gancheva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scr Sci Med"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017228","article-title":"Different patterns of memory impairments accompany short - and longer - term maintenance on a high - energy diet","volume":"36","author":"Kanoski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.09.003","article-title":"Diet - induced obesity alters behavior as well as serum levels of corticosterone in rats","volume":"98","author":"Buchenauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.70.6.301","article-title":"Comparative effects of vitamin and estradiol on experimental arteriosclerosis with diabetes mellitus","volume":"70","author":"Seyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref201","first-page":"215","article-title":"One - trial object recognition in rats and mice : methodological and theoretical issues","author":"Ennaceur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-7","article-title":"Association between dietary phylloquinone intake and peripheral metabolic risk markers related to insulin resistance and diabetes in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk","volume":"12","author":"Juanola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-035345","article-title":"Regression of warfarin - induced medial elastocalcinosis by high intake of vitamin K in rats","volume":"109","author":"Schurgers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"701967","article-title":"Diet - regulated anxiety","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2302","article-title":"van der A Dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes and risk of type diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Beulens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14515","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406344101","article-title":"Spatial memory , recognition memory , and the hippocampus","volume":"101","author":"Broadbent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830513Y.0000000092","article-title":"Damaging effects of a high - fat diet to the brain and cognition : A review of proposed mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960115","article-title":"Vitamin K status in human tissues : tissue - specific accumulation of phylloquinone and menaquinone -","volume":"75","author":"Thijssen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1021\/jm301485d","article-title":"Structure - activity relationship study of Vitamin K derivatives yields highly potent neuroprotective agents","volume":"56","author":"Josey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref361","first-page":"235","article-title":"Effect of western and high fat diets on memory and cholinergic measures in the rat","author":"Kosari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230701653377","article-title":"Should depressive syndromes be reclassified as metabolic syndrome type II","volume":"19","author":"McIntyre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1978.tb07001.x","article-title":"Can social interaction be used to measure anxiety","volume":"62","author":"File","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0507","article-title":"Are mood disorders and obesity related ? A review for the mental health professional","volume":"65","author":"McElroy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1586\/eem.11.89","article-title":"The role of anxiety in metabolic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Sardinha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.05.001","article-title":"Highly palatable diet consumption increases protein oxidation in rat frontal cortex and anxiety - like behavior","volume":"81","author":"Souza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.07.023","article-title":"Sucrose - induced obesity impairs novel object recognition learning in young rats","volume":"96","author":"Jurdak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.01.020","article-title":"Effects of long - term vitamin phylloquinone ) or vitamin menaquinone supplementation on body composition and serum parameters in rats","volume":"48","author":"Sogabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-200","article-title":"So depression is an inflammatory disease , but where does the inflammation come from","volume":"11","author":"Berk","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1054\/clnu.2000.0102","article-title":"Possible effects of one week vitamin K menaquinone - tablets intake on glucose tolerance in healthy young male volunteers with different descarboxy prothrombin levels","volume":"19","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085306","article-title":"Dietary vitamin K intake is associated with cognition and behavior among geriatric patients : The CLIP ctudy","volume":"7","author":"Chouet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.11.016","article-title":"The impact of cafeteria diet feeding on physiology and anxiety - related behaviour in male and female Sprague - Dawley rats of different ages","volume":"116","author":"Warneke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2190\/KLGD-4H8D-4RYL-TWQ8","article-title":"Anxiety and poor glycemic control : a meta - analytic review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9540-5","article-title":"Insulin reverses anxiety - like behavior evoked by streptozotocin - induced diabetes in mice","volume":"29","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolic Brain Dis"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"139","article-title":"Animal model of depression","volume":"30","author":"Porsolt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.08.019","article-title":"Obesity , diabetes and cognitive deficit : The Framingham heart study","volume":"26","author":"Elias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27930","article-title":"Vitamin an example of triage theory : is micronutrient inadequacy linked to diseases of aging","volume":"90","author":"McCann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00206.x","article-title":"Long - term spatial memory in rats with hippocampal lesions","volume":"12","author":"Ramos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"267","article-title":"Stopped - flow kinetic study of vitamin E regeneration reaction with biological hydroquinones ( reduced forms of ubiquinone , vitamin and tocopherolquinone ) in solution","author":"Mukai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05816.2003","article-title":"Novel role of vitamin K in preventing oxidative injury to developing oligodendrocytes and neurons","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.252759","article-title":"Impact of metabolic syndrome on cognition and brain : a selected review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Yates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2009.10718099","article-title":"Dietary phylloquinone intakes and metabolic syndrome in US young adults","volume":"28","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.252","article-title":"The association between obesity and anxiety disorders in the population : a systematic review and meta - analysis","volume":"34","author":"Gariepy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obesity"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"307","article-title":"Anxiety disorders and obesity","volume":"22","author":"Lykouras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1258\/002367700780387714","article-title":"A refined method for sequential blood sampling by tail incision in rats","volume":"34","author":"Fluttert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Laboratory Animals"}],"container-title":["Folia Medica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/folmed\/58\/4\/article-p264.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/folmed.2016.58.issue-4\/folmed-2016-0032\/folmed-2016-0032.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T05:06:18Z","timestamp":1603256778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/archive.sciendo.com\/FOLMED\/folmed.2016.58.issue-4\/folmed-2016-0032\/folmed-2016-0032.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/folmed-2016-0032","relation":{},"ISSN":["1314-2143"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1314-2143","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}}}