{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T13:12:32Z","timestamp":1744636352422},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major health problem associated with increased mortality, despite modern treatment options. Central sleep apnea (CSA)\/Cheyne-Stokes breathing (CSB) is a common and yet largely under-diagnosed co-morbidity, adding significantly to the poor prognosis in CHF because of a number of acute and chronic effects, including intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic overactivation, disturbed sleep architecture and impaired physical tolerance. It is characterized by repetitive periods of crescendo-decrescendo ventilatory pattern, alternating with central apneas and hypopneas. The pathogenesis of CSA\/CSB is based on the concept of loop gain, comprising three major components: controller gain, plant gain and feedback gain. Laboratory polysomnography, being the golden standard for diagnosing sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) at present, is a costly and highly specialized procedure unable to meet the vast diagnostic demand. Unlike obstructive sleep apnea, CSA\/CSB has a low clinical profile. Therefore, a reliable predictive system is needed for identifying CHF patients who are most likely to suffer from CSA\/CSB, optimizing polysomnography use. The candidate predictors should be standardized, easily accessible and low-priced in order to be applied in daily medical routine.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The present review focuses on a pathophysiological approach to the selection of some predictors based on parameters reflecting the etiology, the pathogenesis and the consequences of CSA\/CSB in CHF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/folmed-2016-0037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,9]],"date-time":"2017-01-09T10:01:38Z","timestamp":1483956098000},"page":"225-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identifying Predictors of Central Sleep Apnea\/Cheyne-Stokes Breathing in Chronic Heart Failure: a Pathophysiological Approach"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Aneliya I.","family":"Draganova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiril V.","family":"Terziyski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan S.","family":"Kostianev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref431","first-page":"134","article-title":"Impaired pulmonary diffusing capacity and hypoxia in heart failure correlates with central sleep apnea severity","author":"Szollosi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960221211","article-title":"Serial circulating concentrations of C - 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