{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:09:14Z","timestamp":1791284954173,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]],"date-time":"2017-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513728000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a rare neurologic condition that is caused by compression of the cauda equina. Cauda equina consists of spinal nerves L2-L5, S1-S5 and the coccygeal nerve. The compression of these nerve roots can be caused mainly by lumbar disc herniation (45% of all causes). The diagnosis consists of two critical points: a) detailed history and physical examination and b) MRI or CT. The gold standard of the treatment of this syndrome is the surgical approach in combination with the timing of onset of symptoms. The surgery as an emergency situation is recommended in the fi rst 48 hours of onset of symptoms. Any delay in diagnosis and treatment leads to a poor prognosis of CES.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/folmed-2017-0038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T22:16:36Z","timestamp":1516227396000},"page":"377-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Cauda Equina Syndrome Due to Lumbar Disc Herniation: a Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Kapetanakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinos","family":"Chaniotakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinos","family":"Kazakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannis V.","family":"Papathanasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.16.6.4","article-title":"AR medullaris and cauda equina syndrome as a result of traumatic injuries : management principles","volume":"16","author":"Harrop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"188","article-title":"DA equina syndrome from lumbar disc herniation","volume":"13","author":"Bednar","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"300","article-title":"equina compression resulting from massive lumbar disc extrusion","volume":"34","author":"Schaeffer","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"153","article-title":"MO cacy of delayed decompression of lumbar disk herniation causing cauda equina syndrome","volume":"24","author":"TA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniation presenting cauda equina syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc"},{"key":"ref301","first-page":"2015","article-title":"ME From classical to current : Analyzing peripheral nervous system and spinal cord lineage and fate","volume":"31","author":"Butler","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref261","first-page":"53","article-title":"Lumbar herniated disc presenting with cauda equina syndrome Long - term follow - up of four cases discussion","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2601-8","article-title":"Korse NS WC Complaints of micturition defecation and sexual function in cauda equina syndrome due to lumbar disk herniation : a systematic","volume":"22","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"review Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"2015","article-title":"MG The timing of decompressive spinal surgery in cauda equina syndrome World","volume":"22","author":"Nater"},{"key":"ref481","first-page":"49","article-title":"Tender Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion : comparison of two techniques","volume":"21","author":"Serban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chirurgia"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.47B2.224","article-title":"Bladder paralysis in cauda equina syndrome lesions from disc prolapse","author":"Scott","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"159","article-title":"Lumbar disk herniation and cauda equina syndrome following spinal manipulative therapy : a review of six court decisious in Forensic Leg","volume":"22","author":"Boucher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.98243","article-title":"Lumbar disk herniation presented with cauda equina syndrome in a pregnant woman Rural","volume":"23","author":"Hakan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Pract"},{"key":"ref411","first-page":"217","article-title":"Dorsal extradural lumbar disk herniation causing cauda equina syndrome : a case report and review of literature","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"2015","article-title":"Venous drainage of the and spinal a comprehensive of its embryology anatomy pathology","volume":"28","author":"Griessenauer","journal-title":"spine cord review history physiology Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.19.2.109","article-title":"study of cases of compression of the cauda equina by prolapsed intervertebral discs","volume":"25","author":"Jennett","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"116","article-title":"Treatment of cauda equina syndrome caused by lumbar disc herniation with percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"204","article-title":"equina syndrome a complication of lumbar discectomy","author":"McLaren","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Res"},{"key":"ref201","first-page":"5164","article-title":"Diagnosis and prognosis of cauda equina syndrome produced by protrusion of lumbar disk","volume":"21","author":"Shephard","year":"1959","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"613","article-title":"equina syndrome","author":"Orendacova","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"5","article-title":"Lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome diagnostics treatment","author":"Siebert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"1976","article-title":"SS DA Time - dependent surgical outcomes following cauda equina syndrome diagnosis : comments on a meta - analysis","volume":"17","author":"Kohless","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref191","first-page":"59","article-title":"Eck Clinical evaluation and treatment options for herniated lumbar disc Physician","volume":"20","author":"Humphreys","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2010.505987","article-title":"Reliability of clinical assessment in diagnosing cauda equina syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.38.429","article-title":"Acute cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation mimicking pure conus medullaris syndrome - case report","volume":"28","author":"Fujisawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"142","article-title":"lumbar disk hernias Apropos of cases of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Mercier","year":"1997","journal-title":"review Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.07.022","article-title":"Current of thoracolumbar cord syndromes","volume":"25","author":"Radcliff","year":"2011","journal-title":"management review Spine J"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"197","article-title":"Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations : a systematic review and risk assessment Manipulative","volume":"11","author":"Oliphant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ther"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"285","article-title":"Delayed presentation of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation : functional outcomes and health - related quality of life","volume":"15","author":"Busse","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"159","article-title":"FA OB Epidemiological study of cauda equina syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Fuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Bras"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"640","article-title":"NR Timing of surgical intervention in cauda equina syndrome : a systematic critical","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am review World"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"282","article-title":"Prognosis for sphincter recovery after operation for cauda equina compression owing to lumbar disc prolapse","volume":"16","author":"Laoire","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med Clin Res"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"446","article-title":"AS Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging factors which may predict the need for surgery in lumbar disc herniation Asian","volume":"8","author":"Motiei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0491-y","article-title":"equina syndrome treated by surgical decompression : the infl uence of timing on surgical outcome","volume":"16","author":"Qureshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"1976","article-title":"Medical realities of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation discussion","volume":"12","author":"Shapiro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref381","first-page":"39","article-title":"equina syndrome : the timing of surgery probably does influence outcome discussion","volume":"19","author":"Todd","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref321","first-page":"161","article-title":"Surgical treatment and outcomes of lumbar radiculopathy","volume":"22","author":"Bruggeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Med Clin Am"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"1","article-title":"equina syndrome a comprehensive","volume":"37","author":"Gitelman","year":"2008","journal-title":"review Am"},{"key":"ref251","first-page":"522","article-title":"equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation","volume":"26","author":"Coleman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"ref471","first-page":"2015","article-title":"AT of Spine Surgeons standards of care for cauda equina syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Gernon","journal-title":"British Association Spine J"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1668-3","article-title":"equina syndrome a review of the current clinical and medicolegal position","volume":"18","author":"Cardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1745-2","article-title":"FC CA equina syndrome manipulation case report of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Tamburelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"spine review Eur Spine J"}],"container-title":["Folia Medica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/content.sciendo.com\/view\/journals\/folmed\/59\/4\/article-p377.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/folmed.2017.59.issue-4\/folmed-2017-0038\/folmed-2017-0038.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T09:06:34Z","timestamp":1603271194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/archive.sciendo.com\/FOLMED\/folmed.2017.59.issue-4\/folmed-2017-0038\/folmed-2017-0038.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/folmed-2017-0038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1314-2143"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1314-2143","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,20]]}}}