{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T03:10:26Z","timestamp":1771211426439,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) is a secreted serine protease that degrades residual enamel proteins to facilitate their removal by ameloblasts, which increases mineralization and hardens the enamel. Mutations in human <jats:italic>KLK4<\/jats:italic> cause hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. Enamel formed by <jats:italic>Klk4<\/jats:italic> null mice is normal in thickness and prism structure, but the enamel layer retains proteins, is hypomineralized, and undergoes rapid attrition following tooth eruption. We searched multiple databases, retrieved <jats:italic>Klk4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klk5<\/jats:italic> from various mammalian genomes, and identified <jats:italic>Klk4<\/jats:italic> in 46 boreoeutherian genomes. In non-Boreoeutheria, <jats:italic>Klk4<\/jats:italic> was detected in only one afrotherian genome (as a pseudogene), and not in the other six afrotherian, two xenarthran, or three marsupial genomes. In contrast, <jats:italic>Klk5<\/jats:italic> was detected in both marsupial and eutherian mammals. Our phylogenetic and mutation rate analyses support the hypothesis that <jats:italic>Klk4<\/jats:italic> arose from <jats:italic>Klk5<\/jats:italic> by gene duplication near the divergence of Afrotheria, Xenarthra and Boreoeutheria, and that functionally-differentiated <jats:italic>Klk4<\/jats:italic> survived only in Boreoeutheria. Afrotherian mammals share the feature of delayed dental eruption relative to boreoeutherian mammals. KLK4 shortens the time required for enamel maturation and could have alleviated negative selection following mutations that resulted in thicker enamel or earlier tooth eruption, without reducing enamel hardness or causing dental attrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2014-0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]],"date-time":"2014-08-06T12:14:21Z","timestamp":1407327261000},"page":"1003-1013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evolution of <i>Klk4<\/i> and enamel maturation in eutherians"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"395","author":[{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan C.-C.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Simmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1210 Eisenhower Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]]},"container-title":["Biological Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/bchm.2014.395.issue-9\/hsz-2014-0122\/hsz-2014-0122.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/hsz-2014-0122\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/hsz-2014-0122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T15:27:15Z","timestamp":1647271635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/hsz-2014-0122\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/hsz-2014-0122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/hsz-2014-0122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-4315","1431-6730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-4315","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1431-6730","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,6]]}}}