{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:19:36Z","timestamp":1787609976282,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEBS Booster Fund","award":["N.A."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.A."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A long-lasting dogma regarding the membranes of prokaryotes is the distinct lipid composition of archaea and bacteria. Bacterial phospholipids consist of acyl chains that are esterified to a glycerol-3-phosphate lipid backbone. Instead, in archaeal phospholipids, isoprenoid chains are coupled to the enantiomeric glycerol-1-phosphate via ether bonds. This separation in (1) lipid tail configuration, (2) lipid tail coupling, and (3) lipid backbone chirality is also referred to as the \u2018lipid divide\u2019. However, accumulating evidence is indicating that this divide is not as strict as currently assumed. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest scientific advances, highlighting the observed variety in prokaryotic lipid content, as well as promiscuity in the involved lipid synthesizing enzymes. Finally, to put these new findings in the context of the evolution of early prokaryotic live, we further reassess current theories underlying the origin of the prokaryotic lipid divide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2026-0149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T21:56:18Z","timestamp":1787608578000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The prokaryotic lipid divide: how strict is it?"],"prefix":"10.1515","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6025-5701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Rieche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Biogenesis and Lipidomics, Institute of Biochemistry , Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf , Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 1, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena Elisa","family":"Hebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Biogenesis and Lipidomics, Institute of Biochemistry , Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf , Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 1, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2204-8008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marten","family":"Exterkate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Membrane Biogenesis and Lipidomics, Institute of Biochemistry , Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf , Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 1, D-40225 D\u00fcsseldorf , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caforio, A., Siliakus, M.F., Exterkate, M., Jain, S., Jumde, V.R., Andringa, R.L.H., Kengen, S.W.M., Minnaard, A.J., Driessen, A.J.M., and Van Der Oost, J. (2018). Converting Escherichia coli into an archaebacterium with a hybrid heterochiral membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115: 3704\u20133709, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1721604115.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721604115"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, V., Schofield, L.R., Zhang, Y., Sang, C., Dey, D., Hannus, I.M., Martin, W.F., Sutherland-Smith, A.J., and Ronimus, R.S. (2015). Structure and evolution of the archaeal lipid synthesis enzyme sn-glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase. J.\u00a0Biol. Chem. 290: 21690\u201321704, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.m115.647461.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.647461"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, D.I. and Vogel, H.J. (2010). Current understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis and the acyl carrier protein. Biochem. J. 430: 1\u201319, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj4300559v.","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20100462"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole, S.T., Eiglmeier, K., Ahmed, S., Honore, N., Elmes, L., Anderson, W.F., and Weiner, J.H. (1988). Nucleotide sequence and gene-polypeptide relationships of the glpABC operon encoding the anaerobic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli K-12. J.\u00a0Bacteriol. 170: 2448\u20132456, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.170.6.2448-2456.1988.","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.170.6.2448-2456.1988"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman, G.A., Pancost, R.D., and Williams, T.A. (2019). Investigating the origins of membrane phospholipid biosynthesis genes using outgroup-free rooting. Genome Biol. Evol. 11: 883\u2013898, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evz034.","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz034"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Kok, N.A.W. and Driessen, A.J.M. (2022). The catalytic and structural basis of archaeal glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. Extremophiles 26: 29, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00792-022-01277-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00792-022-01277-w"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dirusso, C.O.C., Black, P.A.N., and Weimar, J.A.D. (1999). Molecular inroads into the regulation and metabolism of fatty acids, lessons from bacteria. Prog. Lipid Res. 38: 129\u2013197, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0163-7827(98)00022-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(98)00022-8"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgar, J.R. and Bell, R.M. (1978). Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, a precursor of phospholipid. Kinetic characterization of wild type and feedback-resistant forms of the biosynthestic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J.\u00a0Biol. Chem. 253: 6354\u20136363, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)46941-x.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)46941-X"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elad, N., Baron, S., Peleg, Y., Albeck, S., Grunwald, J., Raviv, G., Shakked, Z., Zimhony, O., and Diskin, R. (2018). Structure of Type-I Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase at 3.3 \u00c5 resolution. Nat. Commun. 9: 3886, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-06440-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06440-6"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Exterkate, M., Caforio, A., Stuart, M.C.A., and Driessen, A.J.M. (2018). Growing membranes in\u00a0vitro by continuous phospholipid biosynthesis from free fatty acids. ACS Synth. Biol. 7: 153\u2013165, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssynbio.7b00265.","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.7b00265"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, F.C. (2004). Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2: 820\u2013832, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1004.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1004"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fivenson, E.M., Dubois, L., and Bernhardt, T.G. (2024). Co-ordinated assembly of the multilayered cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 79: 102479, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2024.102479.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2024.102479"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldfine, H. (2010). The appearance, disappearance and reappearance of plasmalogens in evolution. Prog Lipid Res 49: 493\u2013498, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plipres.2010.07.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2010.07.003"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldfine, H. (2017). The anaerobic biosynthesis of plasmalogens. FEBS Lett. 591: 2714\u20132719, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.12714.","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12714"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldfine, H. (2022). Plasmalogens in bacteria, sixty years on. Front. Mol. Biosci. 9: 962757, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.962757.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.962757"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossi, V., Mollex, D., Vincon-Laugier, A., Hakil, F., Pacton, M., and Cravo-Laureau, C. (2015). Mono- and dialkyl glycerol ether lipids in anaerobic bacteria: biosynthetic insights from the mesophilic sulfate reducer Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans PF2803T. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81: 3157\u20133168, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.03794-14.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03794-14"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guldan, H., Sterner, R., and Babinger, P. (2008). Identification and characterization of a bacterial glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase: Ni2+-dependent AraM from Bacillus subtilis. Biochemistry 47: 7376\u20137384, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi8005779.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi8005779"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnenc, A.N., Graf, B., Stark, H., and Chari, A. (2022). Fatty acid synthase: structure, function, and regulation. Macromol. Protein Complexes IV Struct. Func.: 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-00793-4_1"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., He, L., Shi, W., Xu, X., Wang, S., Zhang, S., and Zhang, Y. (2014). Glycerol uptake is important for L-form formation and persistence in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 9: e108325, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108325.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108325"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hara, Y., Seki, M., Matsuoka, S., Hara, H., Yamashita, A., and Matsumoto, K. (2008). Involvement of PlsX and the acyl-phosphate dependent sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase PlsY in the initial stage of glycerolipid synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Genes Genet. Syst. 83: 433\u2013442, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1266\/ggs.83.433.","DOI":"10.1266\/ggs.83.433"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henin, J., Tajkhorshid, E., Schulten, K., and Chipot, C. (2008). Diffusion of glycerol through Escherichia coli aquaglyceroporin GlpF. Biophys. J. 94: 832\u2013839, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1529\/biophysj.107.115105.","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.115105"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herndon, J.L., Peters, R.E., Hofer, R.N., Simmons, T.B., Symes, S.J., and Giles, D.K. (2020). Exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) promote changes in growth, phospholipid composition, membrane permeability and virulence phenotypes in Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol. 20: 305, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-020-01988-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01988-0"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann, W., Palyzova, A., Jansa, J., Pende, N., Rittmann, S.K.-M.R., and Rezanka, T. (2026). Archaea synthesize heterochiral phospholipid membranes as revealed by chiral analysis of archaeols. J.\u00a0Chromatogr. A: 466853, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2026.466853.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2026.466853"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopmans, E.C., Schouten, S., Pancost, R.D., Van Der Meer, M.T.J., and Sinninghe Damst\u00e9, J.S. (2000). Analysis of intact tetraether lipids in archaeal cell material and sediments by high performance liquid chromatography\/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14: 585\u2013589, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1097-0231(20000415)14:7<585::aid-rcm913>3.0.co;2-n.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0231(20000415)14:7<585::AID-RCM913>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoshino, Y. and Villanueva, L. (2023). Four billion years of microbial terpenome evolution. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 47, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuad008.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad008"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, D.R., Cassilly, C.D., Plichta, D.R., Vlamakis, H., Liu, H., Melville, S.B., Xavier, R.J., and Clardy, J. (2021). Plasmalogen biosynthesis by anaerobic bacteria: identification of a two-gene operon responsible for plasmalogen production in Clostridium perfringens. ACS Chem. Biol. 16: 6\u201313, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschembio.0c00673.","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.0c00673"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, S., Caforio, A., and Driessen, A.J. (2014). Biosynthesis of archaeal membrane ether lipids. Front. Microbiol. 5: 641, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00641.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00641"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanfer, J. and Kennedy, E.P. (1963). Metabolism and function of bacterial lipids: I. Metabolism of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. J.\u00a0Biol. Chem. 239: 2919\u20132922.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51844-5"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanfer, J. and Kennedy, E.P. (1964). Metabolism and function of bacterial lipids: II. Biosynthesis of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. J.\u00a0Biol. Chem. 239: 1720\u20131726.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)91247-0"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kates, M., Wassef, M.K., and Pugh, E.L. (1970). Origin of the glycerol moieties in the glycerol diether lipids of Halobacterium cutirubrum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Lipids Lipid Metab. 202: 206\u2013208, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-2760(70)90238-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(70)90238-9"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, E.P. and Weiss, S.B. (1956). The function of cytidine coenzymes in the biosynthesis of phospholipides. J.\u00a0Biol. Chem. 222: 193\u2013214, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)50785-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50785-2"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koga, Y. (2011). Early evolution of membrane lipids: how did the lipid divide occur? J.\u00a0Mol. Evol. 72: 274\u2013282, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00239-011-9428-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-011-9428-5"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koga, Y., Kyuragi, T., Nishihara, M., and Sone, N. (1998). Did archaeal and bacterial cells arise independently from noncellular precursors? A hypothesis stating that the advent of membrane phospholipid with enantiomeric glycerophosphate backbones caused the separation of the two lines of descent. J.\u00a0Mol. Evol. 46: 54\u201363.","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006283"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koga, Y., Ohga, M., Tsujimura, M., Morii, H., and Kawarabayasi, Y. (2006). Identification of sn-glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity from genomic information on a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70: 282\u2013285, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1271\/bbb.70.282.","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.70.282"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kropp, C., Lipp, J., Schmidt, A.L., Seisenberger, C., Linde, M., Hinrichs, K.U., and Babinger, P. (2022). Identification of acetylated diether lipids in halophilic archaea. MicrobiologyOpen 11: e1299, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.1299.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1299"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lloyd, C.T., Iwig, D.F., Wang, B., Cossu, M., Metcalf, W.W., Boal, A.K., and Booker, S.J. (2022). Discovery, structure and mechanism of a tetraether lipid synthase. Nature 609: 197\u2013203, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05120-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05120-2"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombard, J., Lopez-Garcia, P., and Moreira, D. (2012a). An ACP-independent fatty acid synthesis pathway in archaea: implications for the origin of phospholipids. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29: 3261\u20133265, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/mss160.","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss160"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombard, J., Lopez-Garcia, P., and Moreira, D. (2012b). The early evolution of lipid membranes and the three domains of life. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 10: 507\u2013515, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2815.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2815"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombard, J., Lopez-Garcia, P., and Moreira, D. (2012c). Phylogenomic investigation of phospholipid synthesis in archaea. Archaea 2012: 630910, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/630910.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/630910"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y.J., Zhang, Y.M., Grimes, K.D., Qi, J., Lee, R.E., and Rock, C.O. (2006). Acyl-phosphates initiate membrane phospholipid synthesis in Gram-positive pathogens. Mol. Cell 23: 765\u2013772, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2006.06.030.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2006.06.030"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machinandiarena, F., Nakamatsu, L., Schujman, G.E., De Mendoza, D., and Albanesi, D. (2020). Revisiting the coupling of fatty acid to phospholipid synthesis in bacteria with FapR regulation. Mol. Microbiol. 114: 653\u2013663, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mmi.14574.","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14574"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnuson, K., Jackowski, S., Rock, C.O., and Cronan, Jr., J.E. (1993). Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 57: 522\u2013542, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mr.57.3.522-542.1993.","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.57.3.522-542.1993"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manoharan, L., Kozlowski, J.A., Murdoch, R.W., Loffler, F.E., Sousa, F.L., and Schleper, C. (2019). Metagenomes from coastal marine sediments give insights into the ecological role and cellular features of Loki- and Thorarchaeota. mBio 10, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02039-19.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02509-19"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, J.H. and Wilmoth, G.J. (1981). Proposed pathway of triterpenoid carotenoid biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus: evidence from a study of mutants. J.\u00a0Bacteriol. 147: 914\u2013919, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.147.3.914-919.1981.","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.147.3.914-919.1981"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuoka, H., Hirooka, K., and Fujita, Y. (2007). Organization and function of the YsiA regulon of Bacillus subtilis involved in fatty acid degradation. J.\u00a0Biol. Chem. 282: 5180\u20135194, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.m606831200.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606831200"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meganathan, R. (2001). Ubiquinone biosynthesis in microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 203: 131\u2013139, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10831.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10831.x"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morbidoni, H.R., De Mendoza, D., and Cronan, Jr., J.E. (1995). Synthesis of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, a key precursor of membrane lipids, in Bacillus subtilis. J.\u00a0Bacteriol. 177: 5899\u20135905, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.177.20.5899-5905.1995.","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.20.5899-5905.1995"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishihara, M., Yamazaki, T., Oshima, T., and Koga, Y. (1999). sn-Glycerol-1-phosphate-forming activities in archaea: separation of archaeal phospholipid biosynthesis and glycerol catabolism by glycerophosphate enantiomers. J.\u00a0Bacteriol. 181: 1330\u20131333, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.181.4.1330-1333.1999.","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.4.1330-1333.1999"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohnuma, S.I., Watanabe, M., and Nishino, T. (1996). Identification and characterization of geranylgeraniol kinase and geranylgeranyl phosphate kinase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. J.\u00a0Biochem. 119: 541\u2013547, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021275.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021275"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palyzova, A., Guschina, I.A., and Rezanka, T. (2022). Chiral analysis of glycerol phosphates\u00a0\u2013\u00a0can bacteria biosynthesize heterochiral phospholipid membranes? J.\u00a0Chromatogr. A 1676: 463267, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2022.463267.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2022.463267"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palyzova, A., Smrhova, T., Kapinusova, G., Skrob, Z., Uhlik, O., and Rezanka, T. (2025). Stereochemistry of phosphatidylglycerols from thermotolerant bacteria isolated thermal springs. J.\u00a0Chromatogr. A 1739: 465517, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2024.465517.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2024.465517"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereto, J., Lopez-Garcia, P., and Moreira, D. (2004). Ancestral lipid biosynthesis and early membrane evolution. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29: 469\u2013477, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibs.2004.07.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2004.07.002"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polacco, M.L. and Cronan, Jr., J.E. (1977). Mechanism of the apparent regulation of Escherichia coli unsaturated fatty acid synthesis by exogenous oleic acid. J.\u00a0Biol. Chem. 252: 5488\u20135490, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)63377-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)63377-6"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pugh, E.L. and Kates, M. (1994). Acylation of proteins of the archaebacteria Halobacterium cutirubrum and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1196: 38\u201344, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-2736(94)90292-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(94)90292-5"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radmacher, E., Alderwick, L.J., Besra, G.S., Brown, A.K., Gibson, K.J.C., Sahm, H., and Eggeling, L. (2005). Two functional FAS-I type fatty acid synthases in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiol. (Read.) 151: 2421\u20132427, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.28012-0.","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28012-0"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, A., De Kok, N.A.W., and Driessen, A.J.M. (2023). Membrane adaptations and cellular responses of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to the allylamine terbinafine. Int. J.\u00a0Mol. Sci. 24, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24087328.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087328"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichert, S., Ebner, P., Bonetti, E.J., Luqman, A., Nega, M., Schrenzel, J., Sproer, C., Bunk, B., Overmann, J., Sass, P., et al.. (2018). Genetic adaptation of a mevalonate pathway deficient mutant in Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Microbiol. 9: 1539, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01539.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01539"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezanka, T., Kyselova, L., and Murphy, D.J. (2023). Archaeal lipids. Prog. Lipid Res. 91: 101237, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plipres.2023.101237.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2023.101237"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rieche, P., Hoekzema, M., Gan, S., Berrelkamp-Lahpor, G.A., Ezissi, A.W., Exterkate, M., and Driessen, A.J.M. (2026). Bacterial lipid synthesizing enzymes PlsY and PlsC utilize both stereo-forms of glycerol-phosphate. EMBO Rep. 27: 3928\u20133943, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44319-026-00827-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-026-00827-z"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutters, H., Sass, H., Cypionka, H., and Rullkotter, J. (2001). Monoalkylether phospholipids in the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfosarcina variabilis and Desulforhabdus amnigenus. Arch. Microbiol. 176: 435\u2013442, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002030100343.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002030100343"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahonero-Canavesi, D.X., Villanueva, L., Bale, N.J., Bosviel, J., Koenen, M., Hopmans, E.C., and Sinninghe Damst\u00e9, J.S. (2022). Changes in the distribution of membrane lipids during growth of Thermotoga maritima at different temperatures: indications for the potential mechanism of biosynthesis of ether-bound diabolic acid (membrane-spanning) lipids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 88: e01763-21, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.01763-21.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01763-21"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saini, M., Wang, Z.W., Chiang, C.J., and Chao, Y.P. (2017). Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of n-butanol from crude glycerol. Biotechnol. Biofuels 10: 173, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13068-017-0857-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-017-0857-2"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakasegawa, S., Hagemeier, C.H., Thauer, R.K., Essen, L.O., and Shima, S. (2004). Structural and functional analysis of the gpsA gene product of Archaeoglobus fulgidus: a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with an unusual NADP+ preference. Protein Sci. 13: 3161\u20133171, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1110\/ps.04980304.","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.04980304"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmerling, C., Schroeder, C., Zhou, X., Bost, J., Wassmer, B., Ninck, S., Busche, T., Montero, L., Kaschani, F., Schmitz, O.J., et al.. (2025). An unusual glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius elucidates the diversity of glycerol metabolism across archaea. Commun. Biol. 8: 539, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-025-07953-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07953-9"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schouten, S., Hopmans, E.C., Pancost, R.D., and Damst\u00e9, J.S.S. (2000). Widespread occurrence of structurally diverse tetraether membrane lipids: evidence for the ubiquitous presence of low-temperature relatives of hyperthermophiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97: 14421\u201314426, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.97.26.14421.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.26.14421"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweizer, E. and Hofmann, J. (2004). Microbial type I fatty acid synthases (FAS): major players in a network of cellular FAS systems. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68: 501\u2013517, table of contents, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mmbr.68.3.501-517.2004.","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.68.3.501-517.2004"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Zang, N., Lou, N., Xu, Y., Sun, J., Huang, M., Zhang, H., Lu, H., Zhou, C., and Feng, Y. (2022). Structure and mechanism for streptococcal fatty acid kinase (Fak) system dedicated to host fatty acid scavenging. Sci. Adv. 8: eabq3944, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abq3944.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq3944"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimada, H. and Yamagishi, A. (2011). Stability of heterochiral hybrid membrane made of bacterial sn-G3P lipids and archaeal sn-G1P lipids. Biochemistry 50: 4114\u20134120, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi200172d.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi200172d"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, K., Hayashi, S., Kako, T., Suzuki, M., Tsukagoshi, N., Doukyu, N., Kobayashi, T., and Honda, H. (2005). Discovery of glpC, an organic solvent tolerance-related gene in Escherichia coli, using gene expression profiles from DNA microarrays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 1093\u20131096, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.71.2.1093-1096.2005.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.2.1093-1096.2005"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuman, J., Giles, T.X., Carroll, L., Tabata, K., Powers, A., Suh, S.J., and Silo-Suh, L. (2018). Transcriptome analysis of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mutant reveals a disruption in bioenergetics. Microbiol. (Read.) 164: 551\u2013562, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.000646.","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000646"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spoering, A.L., Vulic, M., and Lewis, K. (2006). GlpD and PlsB participate in persister cell formation in Escherichia coli. J.\u00a0Bacteriol. 188: 5136\u20135144, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00369-06.","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00369-06"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stroud, R.M., Miercke, L.J., O\u2019Connell, J., Khademi, S., Lee, J.K., Remis, J., Harries, W., Robles, Y., and Akhavan, D. (2003). Glycerol facilitator GlpF and the associated aquaporin family of channels. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 13: 424\u2013431, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0959-440x(03)00114-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(03)00114-3"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valero-Guillen, P.L., Fernandez-Natal, I., Marrodan-Ciordia, T., Tauch, A., and Soriano, F. (2016). Ether-linked lipids of Dermabacter hominis, a human skin actinobacterium. Chem. Phys. Lipids 196: 24\u201332, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2016.02.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2016.02.002"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Heijenoort, J. (2007). Lipid intermediates in the biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71: 620\u2013635, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mmbr.00016-07.","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-07"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva, L., Damste, J.S., and Schouten, S. (2014). A re-evaluation of the archaeal membrane lipid biosynthetic pathway. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 12: 438\u2013448, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro3260.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3260"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva, L., Schouten, S., and Damste, J.S. (2017). Phylogenomic analysis of lipid biosynthetic genes of archaea shed light on the \u2019lipid divide. Environ. Microbiol. 19: 54\u201369, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13361.","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13361"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva, L., Von Meijenfeldt, F.A.B., Westbye, A.B., Yadav, S., Hopmans, E.C., Dutilh, B.E., and Damste, J.S.S. (2021). Bridging the membrane lipid divide: bacteria of the FCB group superphylum have the potential to synthesize archaeal ether lipids. ISME J. 15: 168\u2013182.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00772-2"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincon-Laugier, A., Cravo-Laureau, C., Mitteau, I., and Grossi, V. (2017). Temperature-dependent alkyl glycerol ether lipid composition of mesophilic and thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. Front. Microbiol. 8: 1532, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01532.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01532"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitova, M., Palyzova, A., and Rezanka, T. (2021). Plasmalogens\u00a0\u2013\u00a0ubiquitous molecules occurring widely, from anaerobic bacteria to humans. Prog. Lipid Res. 83: 101111, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plipres.2021.101111.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2021.101111"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wachtershauser, G. (2003). From pre-cells to eukarya\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a tale of two lipids. Mol. Microbiol. 47: 13\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03267.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03267.x"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walz, A.C., Demel, R.A., De Kruijff, B., and Mutzel, R. (2002). Aerobic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli binds to the cytoplasmic membrane through an amphipathic \u03b1-helix. Biochem. J. 365: 471\u2013479, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj20011853.","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20011853"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Quan, S., and Xiao, H. (2019). Towards efficient terpenoid biosynthesis: manipulating IPP and DMAPP supply. Bioresour. Bioprocess 6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40643-019-0242-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-019-0242-z"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegener, M., Vogtmann, K., Huber, M., Laass, S., and Soppa, J. (2016). The glpD gene is a novel reporter gene for E.\u00a0coli that is superior to established reporter genes like lacZ and gusA. J.\u00a0Microbiol. Methods 131: 181\u2013187, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.10.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.10.015"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, T.J., Allen, M.A., Demaere, M.Z., Kyrpides, N.C., Tringe, S.G., Woyke, T., and Cavicchioli, R. (2014). Microbial ecology of an Antarctic hypersaline lake: genomic assessment of ecophysiology among dominant haloarchaea. ISME J. 8: 1645\u20131658, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2014.18.","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.18"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, T.J., Allen, M., Tschitschko, B., and Cavicchioli, R. (2017). Glycerol metabolism of haloarchaea. Environ. Microbiol. 19: 864\u2013877, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.13580.","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13580"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woese, C.R., Kandler, O., and Wheelis, M.L. (1990). Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains archaea, bacteria, and eucarya. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87: 4576\u20134579, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.87.12.4576.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.12.4576"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, L., Chen, Y.Y., Yan, Z., Lu, W., Wan, D., and Zhu, H. (2019). Staphyloxanthin: a potential target for antivirulence therapy. Infect. Drug Resist. 12: 2151\u20132160, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/idr.s193649.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S193649"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashita, A., Hayashi, Y., Matsumoto, N., Nemoto-Sasaki, Y., Oka, S., Tanikawa, T., and Sugiura, T. (2014). Glycerophosphate\/acylglycerophosphate acyltransferases. Biology (Basel) 3: 801\u2013830, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology3040801.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology3040801"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, J. and Rock, C.O. (2013). Phosphatidic acid synthesis in bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1831: 495\u2013502, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbalip.2012.08.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2012.08.018"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, J. and Rock, C.O. (2017). Exogenous fatty acid metabolism in bacteria. Biochimie 141: 30\u201339, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.06.015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.06.015"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, J.I., Chinte, U., and Du, S. (2008). Structure of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an essential monotopic membrane enzyme involved in respiration and metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105: 3280\u20133285, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0712331105.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712331105"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokobori, S.I., Nakajima, Y., Akanuma, S., and Yamagishi, A. (2016). Birth of archaeal cells: molecular phylogenetic analyses of G1P dehydrogenase, G3P dehydrogenases, and glycerol kinase suggest derived features of archaeal membranes having G1P polar lipids. Archaea 2016: 1802675, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/1802675.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1802675"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, R., Yoshimura, T., and Hemmi, H. (2020). Reconstruction of the \u201carchaeal\u201d mevalonate pathway from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina mazei in Escherichia coli cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 86, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.02889-19.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02889-19"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Z., Chen, H., Yang, H., Chen, Y., Yang, W., Feng, X., Pei, H., and Welander, P.V. (2022). Identification of a protein responsible for the synthesis of archaeal membrane-spanning GDGT lipids. Nat. Commun. 13: 1545, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-29264-x.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29264-x"},{"key":"2026082421561316081_j_hsz-2026-0149_ref_095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.M. and Rock, C.O. (2008). Thematic review series: glycerolipids. Acyltransferases in bacterial glycerophospholipid synthesis. J.\u00a0Lipid Res. 49: 1867\u20131874, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.r800005-jlr200.","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800005-JLR200"}],"container-title":["Biological Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/hsz-2026-0149\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/hsz-2026-0149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T21:56:24Z","timestamp":1787608584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/hsz-2026-0149\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["10.1515\/hsz-2026-0149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/hsz-2026-0149","relation":{},"ISSN":["1431-6730","1437-4315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1431-6730","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-4315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}