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While actin is defined by its ability to form dynamic filaments, bind and hydrolyze ATP, and serve as a major cytoskeletal scaffold, Arps and actin-like proteins have evolved specialized roles in cytoplasmic and nuclear protein complexes. The Arp2\/3 complex mediates branched actin nucleation, whereas the dynactin complex, containing Arp1 and Arp11, functions as an activator and cargo-adaptor for dynein-dependent intracellular transport. In the nucleus, multiple Arps, actin, and actin-like proteins are incorporated into large ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling and histone-modifying complexes, where they regulate nucleosome positioning, histone variant exchange, and transcriptional accessibility. Beyond canonical Arps, mammals encode a range of non-canonical Arps and actin-like proteins, many of which exhibit tissue-specific expression, particularly in the testis, and are associated with spermiogenesis and male fertility. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the classification, structure-function relationship, and cellular roles of human Arps and actin-like proteins, as well as their links to human disease, including immunodeficiency, neurodevelopmental disorders, infertility, and cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2026-0156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:58:54Z","timestamp":1783940334000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Actin-related and actin-like proteins: functional diversification of the actin-fold"],"prefix":"10.1515","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9997-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Hannover Medical School, Fritz\u2013Hartmann\u2013Centre for Medical Research , 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2145-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Marquardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Hannover Medical School, Fritz\u2013Hartmann\u2013Centre for Medical Research , 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4144-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes N.","family":"Greve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Hannover Medical School, Fritz\u2013Hartmann\u2013Centre for Medical Research , 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071310584844975_j_hsz-2026-0156_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, P., Sharma, M., Woike, S., Kunert, F., Brem, A., Moldt, M., and Hopfner, K.-P. 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