{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:06:47Z","timestamp":1784074007717,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH066003-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH066003-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_ijamh-2016-0009_s_999_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1aab1c16b1Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d1388960e41154_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1aab1c16b1aAa\">Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression, hostility, and hopelessness are risk factors for adult cardiovascular disease (CVD). People living in inner-city environments are particularly vulnerable. These associations may begin in adolescence, but research in this area is hampered by inadequate knowledge about how these negative psychological factors are related in teens and how they are affected by demographic characteristics. We hypothesized that depression, hostility, and hopelessness are one construct, and that this construct would be associated with race and gender in attendees at an inner-city adolescent health clinic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_ijamh-2016-0009_s_998_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1aab1c16b2Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d1388960e41162_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1aab1c16b2aAa\">Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred and forty-six 15\u201318-year-old patients filled out instruments measuring depressive symptoms, hostility, and hopelessness. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine whether the negative psychological factors comprised a single construct or three separate ones. General linear modeling (GLM) was used to test the associations between demographic characteristics and the results of the factor analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_ijamh-2016-0009_s_997_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1aab1c16b3Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d1388960e41170_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1aab1c16b3aAa\">Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depressive symptoms, hostility, and hopelessness were best characterized as three separate constructs, not one (root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.041, 90% confidence interval (CI)=(0.035, 0.047), comparative fit index (CFI)=0.98). There were no significant relationships between demographic variables and depressive symptoms or hostility. Six percent of the variance in hopelessness scores was accounted for by gender, race, and the interaction between the two (F=3.76; p=0.006), with White males, reporting the highest levels of hopelessness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_ijamh-2016-0009_s_996_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1aab1c16b4Aa\">\n                    <jats:title id=\"d1388960e41178_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1aab1c16b4aAa\">Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In an urban adolescent health clinic population, depressive symptoms, hostility, and hopelessness were best understood as three separate constructs. Hopelessness was significantly higher in White males. Implications for future clinical research on negative psychological factors in teens are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2016-0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T05:56:23Z","timestamp":1470808583000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Depressive symptoms, hostility, and hopelessness in inner-city adolescent health clinic patients: factor structure and demographic correlates"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Pajer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario and Professor of Psychiatry , University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine , 401 Smyth Rd. , Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada , Phone: +1-613-737-7600 Ext. 2723, Fax: +1-613-737-2257"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio State University , Department of Psychology , Columbus, OH , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea E.","family":"Lourie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denison University , Department of Psychology , Granville, OH , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherecce","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M, Department of Psychology , College Station, TX , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savannah","family":"Kalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services , Bethany, OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071423582151776_j_ijamh-2016-0009_ref_001_w2aab3b7c16b1b6b1ab1b5b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suls J, Bunde J. 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