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We propose a scalable, nonparametric Bayesian framework for estimating marginal longitudinal causal dose-response functions with repeated outcome measurements. Our approach targets the average potential outcome at any fixed dose level and accommodates time-varying confounding through the generalized propensity score. The proposed approach embeds a Dirichlet process specification within a generalized estimating equations structure, capturing temporal correlation while making minimal assumptions about the functional form of the continuous exposure. We apply the proposed methods to monthly metro ridership and COVID-19 case data from major international cities, identifying causal relationships and the dose-response patterns between higher ridership and increased case counts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2026-0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:56:01Z","timestamp":1791690961000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A longitudinal Bayesian framework for estimating causal dose-response relationships"],"prefix":"10.1515","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0434-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5017-1276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4222-139X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6971-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101103555765294_j_ijb-2026-0010_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derqui, N, Koycheva, A, Zhou, J, Pillay, TD, Crone, MA, Ajit Lalvani on behalf of the INSTINCT and ATACCC study group, et al.. 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