{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:27:25Z","timestamp":1771478845624,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The 3D flow fields and power consumption within a cylindrical vessel stirred by a rotating turbine are numerically studied. Simulations are performed to determine the impact of changes in operating parameters on the mixing characteristics. Investigations are focused on effects of the impeller blade curvature, shaft speed and impeller rotational direction. The fluid simulated has a shear thinning behavior. Designing the blade in retreat shape seems very promising in term of power consumption since a reduction of\n                    <jats:italic>Np<\/jats:italic>\n                    is obtained with increasing blade curvature. In the positive rotational direction, the retreat bladed impeller yields highly radial flows with less power consumption than the straight bladed impeller. The 45\u00b0 retreat blade gave an increase in the radial velocity by 39\u2006%, compared with the straight blade. But, a better axial circulation is obtained with the straight blade. The comparison between the positive rotational direction (+\n                    <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the negative rotational direction (\u2013\n                    <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) cases revealed that, a reduced mixing time can be obtained with a retreat bladed impeller operating in the negative rotational direction (\u2013\n                    <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), but with further power consumption.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/ijcre-2015-0200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,9]],"date-time":"2016-04-09T13:01:10Z","timestamp":1460206870000},"page":"1025-1033","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Mixing of Shear Thinning Fluids in Cylindrical Tanks: Effect of the Impeller Blade Design and Operating Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Houari","family":"Ameur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, Ctr Univ Na\u00e2ma, 45000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_001_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1 Alcamo, R., Micale, G., Grisafi, F., Brucato, A., Ciofalo, M., 2005. Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow in an unbaffled stirred tank driven by a Rushton turbine. Chemical Engineering Science 60, 2303\u20132316.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2004.11.017"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_002_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2 Amanullah, A., Hjorth, S.A., Nienow, A.W., 1997. The performance of the Scaba 6SRGT agitator in the mixing of simulated xanthan gum broths. Food & Bioproducts Processing 75, 232\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1205\/096030897531630"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_003_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3 Ameur, H., Bouzit, M., 2013. Numerical investigation of flow induced by a disc turbine in unbaffled stirred tank. Acta Scientiarum Technology 35, 469\u2013476.","DOI":"10.4025\/actascitechnol.v35i3.15554"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_004_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4 Ameur, H., Bouzit, M., Ghenaim, A., 2015. Numerical study of the performance of multistage Scaba 6SRGT impellers for the agitation of yield stress fluids in cylindrical tanks. Journal of Hydrodynamics 27, 840\u2013847.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-6058(15)60501-7"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_005_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5 Ameur, H., Bouzit, M., Helmaoui, M., 2011. Numerical study of fluid flow and power consumption in a stirred vessel with a Scaba 6SRGT impeller. Chemical and Process Engineering 32, 351\u2013366.","DOI":"10.2478\/v10176-011-0028-0"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_006_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6 Ameur, H., Bouzit, M., Helmaoui, M., 2012. Hydrodynamic study involving a Maxblend impeller with yield stress fluids. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26, 1523\u20131530.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-012-0337-3"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_007_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7 Aubin, J., Naude, I., Xuereb, C., Bertrand, J., 2000. Blending of Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids in a tank stirred with a helical screw agitator. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 78, 1105\u20131114.","DOI":"10.1205\/026387600528382"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_008_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8 Bao, Y., Lu, Y., Liang, Q., Li, L., Gao, Z., Huang, X., Qin, S., 2015. Power demand and mixing performance of coaxial mixers in a stirred tank with CMC solution. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 23, 623\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2015.01.002"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_009_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1b9Aa","unstructured":"9 Benmoussa, A., Bouanini, M., Rebhi, M., 2014. Characterization of Laminar Flow and Power Consumption in a Stirred Tank by a Curved Blade Agitator. Proceeding of the International Conference on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Prague, Czech Republic, August 11\u201312."},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_010_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10 Brucato, A., Ciofalo, M., Crisfi, F., Micale, G., 1998. Numerical prediction of flow fields in baffled stirred vessels: a comparison of alternative modelling approaches. Chemical Engineering Science 53, 3653\u20133684.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(98)00149-3"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_011_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11 Chhabra, R.P., Richardson, J.F., 1999. Non-Newtonian Flow in the Process Industries. 1st edn, Butterworth, Heinemann, Boston, MA.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075063770-1\/50002-6"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_012_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12 Cooke, M., Heggs, P.J., 2005. Advantages of the hollow (concave) turbine for multi-phase agitation under intense operating conditions. Chemical Engineering Science 60, 5529\u20135543.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2005.05.018"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_013_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13 Cudmore, G.C., Holloway, A.G.L., Gerber, A.G., 2015. A model of impeller whirl for baffled mixing vessels. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 54, 719\u2013742.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2015.01.010"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_014_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14 Cullen, P. J., 2009. Food Mixing: Principles and Applications. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444312928"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_015_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15 Frijlink, J.J., Bakker, A., Smith, J.M., 1990. Suspension of solid particles with gassedimpellers. Chemical Engineering Science 45, 1703\u20131718.","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(90)87049-X"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_016_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16 Galindo, E., Nienow, A.W., 1992. Mixing of highly viscous simulated xanthan fermentation broths with the Lightnin A-315 impeller. Biotechnology Progress 8, 233\u2013239.","DOI":"10.1021\/bp00015a009"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_017_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17 Galindo, E., Nienow, A.W., 1993. Performance of the Scaba 6SRGT agitator in mixing of simulated xanthan gum broths. Chemical Engineering and Technology 16, 102\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.270160206"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_018_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18 Ghotli, R.A., Abdul Aziz, A.R., Ibrahim, S., Baroutian, S., Niya, A.A., 2013. Study of various curved-blade impeller geometries on power consumption in stirred vessel using response surface methodology. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 44, 192\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2012.10.010"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_019_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19 Halidan, M., Chandratilleke, G.R., Chan, S.L.I., Yu, A.B., Bridgwater, J., 2014. Prediction of the mixing behavior of binary mixtures of particles in a bladed mixer. Chemical Engineering Science 120, 37\u201348.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2014.08.048"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_020_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20 Khapre, A., Munshi, B., 2015. Numerical investigation of hydrodynamic behavior of shear thinning fluids in stirred tank. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 56, 16\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2015.04.003"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_021_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21 Kulkarni, A.L., Patwardhan, A.W., 2014. CFD modeling of gas entrainment in stirred tank systems. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 92, 1227\u20131248.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2013.10.025"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_022_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22 Lamarque, N., Zoppe, B., Lebaigue, O., Dolias, Y., Bertrand, M., Ducros, F., 2010. Large-eddy simulation of the turbulent free-surface flow in an unbaffled stirred tank reactor. Chemical Engineering Science 65, 4307\u20134322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2010.03.014"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_023_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23 Luan, D., Chen, Q., Zhou, S., 2014. Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Power Consumption and Metzner-Otto Constant for Impeller of 6PBT. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 27, 635\u2013640.","DOI":"10.3901\/CJME.2014.03.635"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_024_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c24Aa","unstructured":"24 Luo, J. Y., Gosman, A.D., Issa, R.I., Middleton, J.C., Fitzgerald, M.K., 1993. Full Flow Field Computation of mixing in baffled stirred vessels. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 71, 342\u2013344."},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_025_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c25Aa","unstructured":"25 Naude, I., 1998. Direct simulations of impellers in a stirred tank. Contribution to the optimization of the choice of an agitator, Ph.D. thesis, INPT, France."},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_026_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c26Aa","unstructured":"26 Nienow, A.W., 1996. Gas-liquid mixing studies: A comparison of Rushton turbine with some modern impellers. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 74, 417\u2013423."},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_027_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27 Pakzad, L., Ein-Mozaffari, F., Chan, P., 2008a. Using computational fluid dynamics modeling to study the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids with a Scaba 6SRGT impeller. Chemical Engineering and Processing 47, 2218\u20132227.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2007.12.003"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_028_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28 Pakzad, L., Ein-Mozaffari, F., Chan, P., 2008b. Using electrical resistance tomography and computational fluid dynamics modeling to study the formation of cavern in the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids possessing yield stress. Chemical Engineering Science 63, 2508\u20132522.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2008.02.009"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_029_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29 Pakzad, L., Ein-Mozaffari, F., Upreti, S.R., Lohi, A., 2013a. Characterization of the mixing of non-Newtonian fluids with a Scaba 6SRGT impeller through ERT and CFD. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 91, 90\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.21616"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_030_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c30Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30 Pakzad, L., Ein-Mozaffari, F., Upreti, S.R., Lohi, A., 2013b. Agitation of Herschel\u2013Bulkley fluids with the Scaba\u2013anchor coaxial mixers. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 91, 761\u2013777.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2012.09.008"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_031_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c31Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31 Qi, N., Zhang, H., Zhang, K., Xu, G., Yang, Y., 2013. CFD simulation of particle suspension in a stirred tank. Particuology 11, 317\u2013326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2012.03.003"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_032_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c32Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32 Rivera, C., Foucault, S., Heniche, M., Espinsoa-Slares, T., Tanguy, P.A., 2009. Finite element modeling of the laminar and transition flow of the superblend dual shaft coaxial mixer on parallel computers. Chemical Engineering Science 64, 4442\u20134456.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2009.07.022"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_033_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33 Saito, F., Nienow, A.W., Chatwin, S., Moore, I.P.T., 1992. Power, gas dispersion and homogenisation characteristics of Scaba and Rushton turbine impellers. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 25, 281\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1252\/jcej.25.281"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_034_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34 Sbrizzai, F., Lavezzo, V., Verzicco, R., Campolo, M., Soldati, A., 2006. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent particle dispersion in an unbaffled stirred-tank reactor. Chemical Engineering Science 61, 2843\u20132851.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2005.10.073"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_035_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c35Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35 Sossa-Echeverria, J., Taghipour, F., 2015. Computational simulation of mixing flow of shear thinning non-Newtonian fluids with various impellers in a stirred tank. Chemical Engineering and Processing 93, 66\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2015.04.009"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_036_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c36Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36 Suzukawa, K., Mochizuki, S., Osaka, H., 2006. Effect of the attack angle on the roll and trailing vortex structures in an agitated vessel with a paddle impeller. Chemical Engineering Science 61, 2791\u20132798.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2005.10.063"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_037_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c37Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37 Venneker, B., Derksen, J., Vanden Akker, H.E.A., 2010. Turbulent flow of shear-thinning liquids in stirred tanks - the effects of Reynolds number and flow index. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 88, 827\u201343.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2010.01.002"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_038_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c38Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38 Woziwodzki, S., Broniarz-Press, L., Ochowiak, M., 2010. Transitional mixing of shear-thinning fluids in vessels with multiple impellers. Chemical Engineering and Technology 33, 1099\u20131106.","DOI":"10.1002\/ceat.201000121"},{"key":"2025121208193371488_j_ijcre-2015-0200_ref_039_w2aab2b8d234b1b7b1ab2b1c39Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39 Zhao, J., Gao, Z., Bao, Y., 2011. Effects of the blade shape on the trailing vortices in liquid flow. 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