{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:01:53Z","timestamp":1771268513525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_iss-2025-0025_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines the clinical application of interdisciplinary reconstructive strategies for complex forearm and hand defects. Emphasis is placed on principles guiding flap selection, anatomical localization, and the central role of plastic surgeons within coordinated surgical teams. The aim is to clarify how collaborative planning and technique adaptation influence reconstructive outcomes in upper extremity salvage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_iss-2025-0025_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective review was conducted of 79 patients who underwent upper extremity reconstruction between 2020 and 2024 at a tertiary care center. Inclusion required composite defects of the hand or forearm treated with local, regional, or free flaps. Demographics, etiology, defect location, reconstructive technique, interdisciplinary collaboration, and complications were analyzed descriptively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_iss-2025-0025_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most patients were male (n=62), with a mean age of 53.3 years. Defects most often involved the long fingers (n=32) and thumb (n=31). Trauma (68\u202f%) was the main cause, followed by oncologic resection (22\u202f%) and infection (10\u202f%). Free flaps (n=15) were primarily used for larger or composite defects requiring microsurgical reconstruction, while local and regional flaps were employed zone-specifically for smaller soft tissue defects, especially in digits and thumb. Functional reconstruction addressed tendon, nerve, vessel, and bone injuries. The overall complication rate was 12.6\u202f%, with no flap failures or limb\u00a0loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_iss-2025-0025_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper limb reconstruction benefits from individualized, anatomy-driven planning and interdisciplinary cooperation. Plastic surgeons play a key role in adapting techniques to anatomical zones, achieving favorable functional and aesthetic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/iss-2025-0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T06:12:42Z","timestamp":1764137562000},"page":"27-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interdisciplinary reconstructions of the forearm and hand"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3204-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"K\u00fcmmerl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery , University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Promny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery , University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Eschenbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery , University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Arkudas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery , University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymund E.","family":"Horch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery , University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuernberg , Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021618052230151_j_iss-2025-0025_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaverien, MV, Hart, AM. 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