{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:47:07Z","timestamp":1765540027785,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Liver and heart are anatomically and patho-physiologically related. In heart failure (HF) the increased right atrial pressure and volume overload cause histological changes in hepatocytes, leading to a condition known as \u201ccongestive hepatopathy\u201d (CH), with consequent variations in liver functioning and ultrasound (US) findings. CH has specifical US findings especially regarding venous vessels aspect, easily detecting by gray-scale study, but many others can be distinguished by Doppler analysis. Usually, hepatic veins look enlarged and hypocollassing, together with signs of portal hypertension (hepatomegaly, ascites, splenomegaly, porto-systemic collaterals). Typically, in CH Doppler findings regard alterations in venous vessel flow and arterial resistance (venous system hyperpulsatility, reduced velocity flow, high resistance index in hepatic arterial Doppler spectrum). Sometimes CH and other primary hepatopathy can coexist, and therefore some of the expected variations may not manifest: it allows suspecting an unknown underlying liver disease. At last, US technologies of more recent applications, even if not routinely used, allow investigating additional aspects such as elastography that detects changes in liver elasticity or contrastographic US, able to show differences in hepatic venous opacification. However, most of these US signs are not pathognomonic, and therefore a multidisciplinary clinical reasoning must not be lacking. The aim of the present review is to easily provide US signs of liver alterations in HF, in particular right heart failure with volume overload, suggesting including liver US in instrumental diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of HF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:44:29Z","timestamp":1663544669000},"page":"11-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Liver and heart failure: an ultrasound relationship"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Veneziale Hospital , Isernia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Gambardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences , University Federico II , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Palermi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department , University Federico II , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Frecentese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina , Messina , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department , University Federico II , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Sperlongano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences , University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Tavarozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine , University of Eastern Piedmont , Novara , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"D\u2019andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiology and Intensive Coronary Care , Umberto I Hospital , Nocera Inferiore , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit , Cardarelli Hospital , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Politi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Veneziale Hospital , Isernia , Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121209092860117_j_jbcpp-2022-0211_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonagh, TA, Metra, M, Adamo, M, Gardner, RS, Baumbach, A, B\u00f6hm, M, ESC Scientific Document Group, et al.. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. 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