{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1765540492253,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland","award":["DS 11240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 11240"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2022-0224_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world. Animal studies indicate that acute caffeine exposure at high doses may induce seizures and\u00a0diminish the anticonvulsant activity of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at much lower doses. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of caffeine on the anticonvulsant action of levetiracetam (LEV) and vigabatrin (VGB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2022-0224_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anticonvulsant activity of LEV and VGB was examined in the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test in mice (MEST test). All drugs were administered intraperitoneally by single injections, and caffeine was applied at doses capable of interfering with AEDs. Effects of caffeine exposure on AEDs were also investigated in tests of memory and motor performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2022-0224_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caffeine reduced the protective effect of LEV against electroconvulsions. Total brain concentration of LEV was unaffected by caffeine as well as inversely; LEV\u00a0had no significant impact on the brain caffeine concentration, suggesting a pharmacodynamic nature of the\u00a0interaction between LEV and caffeine in the MEST test.\u00a0VGB at applied doses did not affect the convulsive threshold. Administration of VGB, but not LEV, alone or\u00a0in\u00a0combination with caffeine, impaired memory retention. In the chimney test, the combined treatment with AEDs and caffeine did not cause motor coordination impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2022-0224_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is suggested that caffeine may negatively affect the anticonvulsant action of LEV in patients with epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T03:23:24Z","timestamp":1669260204000},"page":"357-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Caffeine impairs anticonvulsant effects of levetiracetam in the maximal electroshock seizure threshold test in mice"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Roman","family":"Chwedorowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiopathology , Institute of Rural Health , Lublin , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"\u0141ukawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiopathology , Institute of Rural Health , Lublin , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Raszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Food Protection , Institute of Rural Health , Lublin , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw J.","family":"Czuczwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dam, RM, Hu, FB, Willett, WC. Coffee, caffeine, and health. N\u00a0Engl J Med 2020;383:369\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmra1816604.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1816604"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6kcen, BB, \u015eanlier, N. Coffee consumption and disease correlations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019;59:336\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2017.1369391.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1369391"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glade, MJ. Caffeine-not just a stimulant. Nutrition 2010;26:932\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2010.08.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.08.004"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara, DR. Caffeine, mental health, and psychiatric disorders. J\u00a0Alzheimers Dis 2010;20:S239\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-2010-1378.","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1378"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Koert, RR, Bauer, PR, Schuitema, I, Sander, JW, Visser, GH. Caffeine and seizures: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2018;80:37\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.11.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.11.003"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samsonsen, C, Br\u00e5then, G, Reimers, A, Helde, G, Brodtkorb, E. Is dietary caffeine involved in seizure precipitation? Epilepsy Behav 2013;28:147\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.05.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.05.003"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, PR, Sander, JW. The use of caffeine by people with epilepsy: the myths and the evidence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019;19:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-019-0948-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0948-5"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M, Radzik, I, Miziak, B, Czuczwar, SJ. Safety considerations for patients with epilepsy taking antiepileptic drugs alongside caffeine or other methylxanthine derivatives. Expet Opin Drug Metabol Toxicol 2014;10:981\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/17425255.2014.920822.","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2014.920822"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasior, M, Borowicz, K, Kleinrok, Z, Czuczwar, SJ. Chronic caffeine and the anticonvulsant potency of antiepileptic drugs against maximal electroshock. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996;54:639\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0091-3057(95)02222-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(95)02222-8"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weltha, L, Reemmer, J, Boison, D. The role of adenosine in epilepsy. Brain Res Bull 2019;151:46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.11.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.11.008"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chwedorowicz, R, \u0141ukawski, K, Raszewski, G, Czuczwar, SJ. Effect of caffeine on the anticonvulsant action of pregabalin against electroconvulsions in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2022;74:431\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43440-022-00356-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-022-00356-1"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman, KR, Sachdeo, RC. Caffeinated beverages and decreased seizure control. Seizure 2003;12:519\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1059-1311(03)00048-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(03)00048-7"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M, Jargiello-Baszak, M, Walek, M, Tylus, B, Czuczwar, SJ. Caffeine and the anticonvulsant potency of antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data. Pharmacol Rep 2011;63:12\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1734-1140(11)70394-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70394-2"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sills, GJ, Rogawski, MA. Mechanisms of action of currently used antiseizure drugs. Neuropharmacology 2020;168:107966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.107966.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.107966"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomi\u0107, MA, Pecikoza, UB, Micov, AM, Popovi\u0107, BV, Stepanovi\u0107-Petrovi\u0107, RM. The effects of levetiracetam, sumatriptan, and caffeine in a rat model of trigeminal pain: interactions in 2-component combinations. Anesth Analg 2015;120:1385\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ane.0000000000000640.","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000640"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanovic-Petrovic, RM, Micov, AM, Tomic, MA, Ugresic, ND. The local peripheral antihyperalgesic effect of levetiracetam and its mechanism of action in an inflammatory pain model. Anesth Analg 2012;115:1457\u201366.","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31826c7fc2"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czapi\u0144ski, P, Blaszczyk, B, Czuczwar, SJ. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Top Med Chem 2005;5:3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1568026053386962.","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026053386962"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6scher, W, Fassbender, CP, Nolting, B. The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. II. Maximal electroshock seizure models. Epilepsy Res 1991;8:79\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0920-1211(91)90075-q.","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(91)90075-Q"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_019","unstructured":"Luszczki, JJ, Czuczwar, SJ. How significant is the difference between drug doses influencing the threshold for electroconvulsions? Pharmacol Rep 2005;57:782\u20136."},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luszczki, JJ, Ratnaraj, N, Patsalos, PN, Czuczwar, SJ. Isobolographic and behavioral characterizations of interactions between vigabatrin and gabapentin in two experimental models of epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;595:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.07.051.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.07.051"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasior, M, Borowicz, K, Buszewicz, G, Kleinrok, Z, Czuczwar, SJ. Anticonvulsant activity of phenobarbital and valproate against maximal electroshock in mice during chronic treatment with caffeine and caffeine discontinuation. Epilepsia 1996;37:262\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00023.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00023.x"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litchfield, JT, Wilcoxon, F. A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 1949;96:99\u2013113.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)03549-9"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luszczki, JJ, Wojcik-Cwikla, J, Andres, MM, Czuczwar, SJ. Pharmacological and behavioral characteristics of interactions between vigabatrin and conventional antiepileptic drugs in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: an isobolographic analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:958\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.npp.1300602.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300602"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venault, P, Chapouthier, G, de Carvalho, LP, Simiand, J, Morre, M, Dodd, RH, et al.. Benzodiazepine impairs and beta-carboline enhances performance in learning and memory tasks. Nature 1986;321:864\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/321864a0.","DOI":"10.1038\/321864a0"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landmark, CJ, Patsalos, PN. Drug interactions involving the new second-and third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev Neurother 2010;10:119\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/ern.09.136.","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.09.136"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch, BA, Lambeng, N, Nocka, K, Kensel-Hammes, P, Bajjalieh, SM, Matagne, A, et al.. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:9861\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0308208101.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308208101"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaminski, RM, Matagne, A, Patsalos, PN, Klitgaard, H. Benefit of combination therapy in epilepsy: a review of the preclinical evidence with levetiracetam. Epilepsia 2009;50:387\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01713.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01713.x"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisani, A, Bonsi, P, Martella, G, Persis, CD, Costa, C, Pisani, F, et al.. Intracellular calcium increase in epileptiform activity: modulation by levetiracetam and lamotrigine. Epilepsia 2004;45:719\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.02204.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.02204.x"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madeja, M, Margineanu, DG, Gorji, A, Siep, E, Boerrigter, P, Klitgaard, H, et al.. Reduction of voltage-operated potassium currents by levetiracetam: a novel antiepileptic mechanism of action? Neuropharmacology 2003;45:661\u201371.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(03)00248-X"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigo, JM, Hans, G, Nguyen, L, Rocher, V, Belachew, S, Malgrange, B, et al.. The anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam reverses the inhibition by negative allosteric modulators of neuronal GABA-and glycine-gated currents. Br J Pharmacol 2002;136:659\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704766.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704766"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, E, Ragozzino, D, Angelantonio, SD, Mascia, A, Maiolino, F, Manfredi, M, et al.. The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam stabilizes the human epileptic GABAA receptors upon repetitive activation. Epilepsia 2007;48:1842\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01131.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01131.x"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klitgaard, H, Matagne, A, Gobert, J, Wulfert, E. Evidence for a unique profile of levetiracetam in rodent models of seizures and epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;353:191\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-2999(98)00410-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00410-5"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barton, ME, Klein, BD, Wolf, HH, White, HS. Pharmacological characterization of the 6\u00a0Hz psychomotor seizure model of partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2001;47:217\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0920-1211(01)00302-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(01)00302-3"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6scher, W, H\u00f6nack, D. Profile of ucb L059, a novel anticonvulsant drug, in models of partial and generalized epilepsy in mice and rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;232:147\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90768-d.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90768-D"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sills, GJ, Butler, E, Thompson, GG, Brodie, MJ. Vigabatrin and tiagabine are pharmacologically different drugs. A pre-clinical study. Seizure 1999;8:404\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/seiz.1999.0326.","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.1999.0326"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luszczki, JJ, Czuczwar, SJ. Isobolographic characterization of interactions between vigabatrin and tiagabine in two experimental models of epilepsy. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:529\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.11.020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.11.020"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Za\u0142uska, K, Kondrat-Wr\u00f3bel, MW, \u0141uszczki, JJ. Comparison of the anticonvulsant potency of various diuretic drugs in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure threshold test in mice. Adv Clin Exp Med 2018;27:609\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/acem\/68694.","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/68694"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilha, L, Li, LM. Heavy coffee drinking and epilepsy. Seizure 2004;13:284\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1059-1311(03)00079-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1059-1311(03)00079-7"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czuczwar, SJ, Gasior, M, Janusz, W, Szczepanik, B, Wlodarczyk, D, Kleinrok, Z. Influence of different methylxanthines on the anticonvulsant action of common antiepileptic drugs in mice. Epilepsia 1990;31:318\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05382.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05382.x"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasior, M, Swiader, M, Przyby\u0142ko, M, Turski, WA, Kleinrok, Z, Czuczwar, SJ. Felbamate demonstrates low propensity for interaction with methylxanthines and Ca2q channel modulators against experimental seizures in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;352:207\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-2999(98)00375-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00375-6"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomi\u0107, MA, Micov, AM, Stepanovi\u0107-Petrovi\u0107, RM. Levetiracetam interacts synergistically with nonsteroidal analgesics and caffeine to produce antihyperalgesia in rats. J Pain 2013;14:1371\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.06.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.06.003"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angehagen, M, Margineanu, DG, Ben-Menachem, E, R\u00f6nnb\u00e4ck, L, Hansson, E, Klitgaard, H. Levetiracetam reduces caffeine-induced Ca2+ transients and epileptiform potentials in hippocampal neurons. Neuroreport 2003;14:471\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-200303030-00035.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200303030-00035"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarro, GD, Sarro, AD, Paola, EDD, Bertorelli, R. Effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on audiogenic seizure-sensible DBA\/2 mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;371:137\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-2999(99)00132-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00132-6"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarro, GD, Paola, EDD, Falconi, U, Ferreri, G, Sarro, AD. Repeated treatment with adenosine A1 receptor agonist and antagonist modifies the anticonvulsant properties of CPPene. Eur\u00a0J\u00a0Pharmacol 1996;317:239\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0014-2999(96)00746-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(96)00746-7"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nehlig, A, Daval, JL, Debry, G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Rev 1992;17:139\u201270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-0173(92)90012-b.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(92)90012-B"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurkiewicz, M, Sirvi\u00f6, J, Riekkinen, PSr. Effects of single and repeated administration of vigabatrin on the performance of non-epileptic rats in a delayed non-matching to position task. Epilepsy Res 1993;15:221\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0920-1211(93)90059-g.","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(93)90059-G"},{"key":"2025121209125775857_j_jbcpp-2022-0224_ref_047","unstructured":"Czuczwar, M, Kis, J, Potasinski, A, Turski, WA, Przesmycki, K. Isobolographic analysis of interaction between vigabatrin and baclofen in the formalin test in mice. Pol J Pharmacol 2001;53:527\u201330."}],"container-title":["Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0224\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0224\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:49:50Z","timestamp":1765540190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0224\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jbcpp-2022-0224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0792-6855","2191-0286"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0792-6855"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2191-0286"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]}}}