{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:05:57Z","timestamp":1790643957245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007195","name":"Universit\u00c3\u00a0degli Studi di Napoli Federico II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007195","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2025-0184_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Esophageal achalasia is a rare motility disorder characterized by impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and absent peristalsis. Diagnostic tools such as high-resolution manometry (HRM) and functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) have improved disease recognition; however, interpretation remains complex and highly operator dependent. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising approach to automate data analysis and enhance diagnostic accuracy, but its specific role in achalasia is not yet clearly defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2025-0184_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Content<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, searching for studies published up to June 2025 that investigated AI applications in esophageal motility disorders, with particular attention to achalasia. Search terms included \u201cartificial intelligence,\u201d \u201cmachine learning,\u201d \u201cachalasia,\u201d \u201cesophageal motility,\u201d and \u201chigh-resolution manometry.\u201d Although no prospective or interventional studies directly evaluating AI in achalasia were identified, several retrospective proof-of-concept studies applied AI algorithms to HRM and FLIP data. These studies demonstrated the feasibility of automated classification of esophageal motility disorders, with high accuracy in differentiating motility subtypes potentially applicable to achalasia. Exploratory research on AI-assisted imaging and outcome prediction also showed encouraging results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2025-0184_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence suggests that AI-based models can accurately analyze complex esophageal motility data and reduce interobserver variability. While direct clinical evidence in achalasia remains limited, existing studies provide a solid methodological foundation for AI-assisted diagnosis, classification, and clinical decision support in this condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2025-0184_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Outlook<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future research should focus on prospective validation, multicenter data collection, and multimodal integration of clinical, physiologic, and imaging data. With targeted development and ethical governance, AI has the potential to enhance diagnostic precision, support personalized treatment strategies, and advance precision motility care in patients with achalasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2025-0184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T23:03:27Z","timestamp":1766703807000},"page":"157-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Artificial intelligence applied to achalasia: an emerging frontier in precision motility care? 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