{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:03:20Z","timestamp":1790337800880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2026-0087_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>White adipose tissue (WAT) browning enhances energy expenditure and represents a promising target for metabolic disease. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), a circulating member of the TGF-\u03b2 superfamily, has been implicated in metabolic regulation, but its role in adipose tissue plasticity remains unclear. This study investigated whether GDF-11 regulates WAT browning and the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2026-0087_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mice were exposed to cold to induce browning, and GDF-11 expression and SMAD2\/3 activation were assessed in brown adipose tissue (BAT), visceral and subcutaneous WAT, and skeletal muscle. We combined\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      results to\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      approaches, 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated into white or brown adipocytes and treated with recombinant GDF-11 to evaluate gene expression and cellular phenotype.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2026-0087_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cold exposure increased GDF-11 expression and activated SMAD2\/3 signaling, particularly in BAT and subcutaneous WAT. This was associated with upregulation of thermogenic and metabolic genes, including\n                      <jats:italic>Ucp1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Ucp3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Dio2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>PGC-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , GDF-11 enhanced thermogenic and adipogenic gene expression and induced morphological features consistent with browning. GDF-11 also increased\n                      <jats:italic>SmyD1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression, supporting a role in metabolic activation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jbcpp-2026-0087_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GDF-11 promotes adipose tissue thermogenic remodeling through SMAD2\/3 signaling and may represent a potential therapeutic target for metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2026-0087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:56:48Z","timestamp":1781503008000},"page":"395-407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GDF-11 triggers cold-induced browning and metabolic activation of adipose tissue"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Serena","family":"Sagliocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Acampora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Miro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0876-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annarita","family":"Nappi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Restolfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Dentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d , Naples , Italy"},{"name":"CEINGE\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l. , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annunziata Gaetana","family":"Cicatiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d , Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092511295522173_j_jbcpp-2026-0087_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frohlich, J, Kovacovicova, K, Raffaele, M, Virglova, T, Cizkova, E, Kucera, J, et al.. 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