{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:04Z","timestamp":1790640004627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2019-0141_s_001a_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1aab1c14b1Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"no_indent\">Anxiety is the most common psychological reaction in women during labor. Similar to numerous other surgeries, postoperative pain is also reported following cesarean section (C-section). According to the (Gate) Control Theory, there is a relationship between pain and psychological problems such as anxiety. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effect of aromatherapy using lavender and Damask rose essential oils on the level of anxiety and severity of pain following C-section.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2019-0141_s_002a_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1aab1c14b2Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"no_indent\">This triple-group randomized clinical trial was performed on 90 mothers who visited Motahari Hospital of Jahrom, Iran, for C-section in 2017. The incidence and severity of pain and anxiety were measured and recorded for all three groups prior to intervention. The intervention groups underwent aromatherapy with lavender and Damask rose essential oils. Patients were asked to inhale cotton balls, separately stained with three drops of each essential oil at a distance of 10\u2006cm for 30\u2006mins. The severity of pain and anxiety was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) 5\u00a0min after the specified process, respectively. The control group underwent aromatherapy in a similar fashion with normal saline. Finally, data were analyzed using descriptive statistical indices and ANOVA and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests in SPSS 21.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2019-0141_s_003a_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1aab1c14b3Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"no_indent\">There was no significant difference between the three groups in the mean severity of pain and anxiety before the intervention (p&gt;0.05). The mean severity of pain and overt anxiety in the lavender and Damask rose aromatherapy groups was significantly different than the control group after the intervention (p&lt;0.001). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the overt and overall anxiety levels of the two intervention groups after the intervention (p&gt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2019-0141_s_004a_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1aab1c14b4Aa\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"no_indent\">The findings suggested that inhalation aromatherapy can reduce the severity of overt anxiety and pain after C-section, with Damask rose essential oil showing a larger effect than lavender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2019-0141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T04:03:52Z","timestamp":1573790632000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Compare the effect of aromatherapy using lavender and Damask rose essential oils on the level of anxiety and severity of pain following C-section: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Abbasijahromi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Nursing, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Department, School of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences , Jahrom University of Medical Sciences , Jahrom , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Hojati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jahrom University of Medical Sciences , Jahrom , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Nikooei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jahrom University of Medical Sciences , Jahrom , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein Kargar","family":"Jahromi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative histology, Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases , Jahrom University of Medical Sciences , Jahrom , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Dowlatkhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics, Researchrch center for social determinants of Health , Jahrom University of Medical Sciences , Jahrom , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Zarean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jahrom University of Medical Sciences , Jahrom , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehran","family":"Farzaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jahrom University of Medical Sciences , Jahrom , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arefeh","family":"Kalavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Information Science, School of Nursing , University College of Medical Sciences , Jahrom , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_001_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b1Aa","unstructured":"Ghardashi F, Saleh MA, Hasanabadi H, Setayesh Y. Study of the relationship between pre-operative waiting time and anxiety in patients. 2004."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_002_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b2Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hur MH, Cheong NY, Yun HS, Lee MK, Song Y. Effects of delivery nursing care using essential oils on delivery stress response, anxiety during labor, and postpartum status anxiety. J Korean Acad Nurs 2005;35:1277\u201384.","DOI":"10.4040\/jkan.2005.35.7.1277"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_003_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b3Aa","unstructured":"Golden WL, Dowd ET, Friedberg F. Hypnotherapy: a modern approach. New York: Pergamon Press, 1987"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_004_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b4Aa","unstructured":"Ghanei RG, Rezaei K, Mahmoodi R. The relationship between preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain after cesarean section. IJOGI 2013;15:16\u201322."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_005_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b5Aa","unstructured":"Donovan M, Sands J, Neighbors M, Marek J. Phipps medical-surgical nursing: health and illness perspective. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2003."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_006_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Ranjan R, Dhiraaj S, Lakra A, Kumar M, Singh U. Acupressure for prevention of pre-operative anxiety: a prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. Anaesthesia 2005;60:978\u201381.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2005.04332.x"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_007_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ. Postoperative pain experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesth Analg 2003;97:534\u201340.","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000068822.10113.9E"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_008_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b8Aa","unstructured":"Strong J, Unruh AM, Wright A, Baxter GD. Pain: a textbook for therapists. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_009_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2b9Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekstein MP, Weinbroum AA. Immediate postoperative pain in orthopedic patients is more intense and requires more analgesia than in post-laparotomy patients. Pain Med 2011;12:308\u201313.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.01026.x"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_010_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c10Aa","unstructured":"Gibbons L, Beliz\u00e1n JM, Lauer JA, Betr\u00e1n AP, Merialdi M, Althabe F. The global numbers and costs of additionally needed and unnecessary caesarean sections performed per year: overuse as a barrier to universal coverage. WHR 2010;30:1\u201331."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_011_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chez RA, Jonas WB. The challenge of complementary and alternative medicine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:1156\u201361.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70033-4"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_012_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckle J. The role of aromatherapy in nursing care. Nurs Clin North Am 2001;36:57\u201372.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-6465(22)02529-4"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_013_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin RL, editors. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002. Seminars in integrative medicine. Elsevier, 2004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigm.2004.07.003"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_014_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c14Aa","unstructured":"Pillietry A. Maternal & child health nursing care of child bearing & rearing & family. Philadelphia: lippincott, Williams, wilkins, editor, 2007."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_015_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c15Aa","unstructured":"Mirzaei F, Keshtgar S, Kaviani M, Rajaeifard A. The effect of lavender essence smelling during labor on cortisol and serotonin plasma levels and anxiety reduction in nulliparous women. JKMU. 2015;16:245\u201354."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_016_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han SH, Hur MH, Buckle J, Choi J, Lee MS. Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in college students: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. JACM 2006;12:535\u201341.","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2006.12.535"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_017_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c17Aa","unstructured":"Nikfarjam M, Parvin N, Asarzadegan N. The effect of Lavandula angustifolia in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. JSKUMS 2010;11:66\u201373."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_018_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadi N, Hanid AA. Lavender essence for post-cesarean pain. Pak J Biol Sci 2011;14:664.","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2011.664.667"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_019_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c19Aa","unstructured":"Attarha M, Vakilian K, Rouzbahani N, Bekhradi R. Effect of perineal massage with lavender essence on episiotomy and laceration. 2009."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_020_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Moura Linck V, da Silva AL, Figueir\u00f3 M, Piato AL, Herrmann AP, Birck FD, et al. Inhaled linalool-induced sedation in mice. Phytomedicine 2009;16:303\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.08.001"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_021_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Re L, Barocci S, Sonnino S, Mencarelli A, Vivani C, Paolucci G, et al. Linalool modifies the nicotinic receptor\u2013ion channel kinetics at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Pharmacol Res 2000;42:177\u201381.","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0671"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_022_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umezu T, Ito H, Nagano K, Yamakoshi M, Oouchi H, Sakaniwa M, et al. Anticonflict effects of rose oil and identification of its active constituents. Life Sci 2002;72:91\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(02)02197-5"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_023_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns E, Zobbi V, Panzeri D, Oskrochi R, Regalia A. Aromatherapy in childbirth: a pilot randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2007;114:838\u201344.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01381.x"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_024_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehrner J, Marwinski G, Lehr S, Johren P, Deecke L. Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office. Physiol & Behav 2005;86:92\u20135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.06.031"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_025_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c25Aa","unstructured":"Delaram M, Dadkhah N. Comparing the effects of lidocaine cream and mefenamic acid on post episiotomy pain. J Nurse Midwifery 2015;2:2."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_026_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c26Aa","unstructured":"Mahram B. The guideline for state and trait anexiety test of Spielberger and the instruction for its explanation based on normality test research in Mashahad. [Master\u2019s Thesis] Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaiee University, 1993."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_027_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochroch EA, Gottschalk A. Impact of acute pain and its man\u00acagement for thoracic surgical patients. Thorac Surg Clin 2005;15:105\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2004.08.004"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_028_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c28Aa","unstructured":"Henderson C, MacDonald S. Mayes midwifery. A textbook for midwives, 13th ed. Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall, 2004:418\u201358."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_029_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c29Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kianpour M, Mansouri A, Mehrabi T, Asghari G. Effect of lavender scent inhalation on prevention of stress, anxiety and depression in the postpartum period. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2016;21:197.","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-9066.178248"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_030_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c30Aa","unstructured":"Safarabadi M. Investigation on the effectiveness inhalation aromatherapy with Lavender essential oil on the anxiety of patients with burns. CMJA 2016;6:1583\u201391."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_031_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c31Aa","unstructured":"Cooke B, Ernst E. Aromatherapy: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract 2000;50:493\u20136."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_032_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c32Aa","unstructured":"Seyyed-Rasooli E, Amiri M-R, Zamanzadeh V, Peron K, Aghakeshizadeh M. Effect of aromatherapy on anxiety and pain in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Adv Herbal Med 2015;1:1\u20137."},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_033_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c33Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muzzarelli L, Force M, Sebold M. Aromatherapy and reducing preprocedural anxiety: a controlled prospective study. Gastroenterol Nurs 2006;29:466\u201371.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001610-200611000-00005"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_034_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c34Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olapour A, Behaeen K, Akhondzadeh R, Soltani F, Al Sadat Razavi F, Bekhradi R. The effect of inhalation of aromatherapy blend containing lavender essential oil on cesarean postoperative pain. ISRAPM 2013;3:203.","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.9570"},{"key":"2025121209244068378_j_jcim-2019-0141_ref_035_w2aab3b7c87b1b6b1ab2b2c35Aa","unstructured":"Marofi M, Siros Fard M. The effect of aromatherapy with Rosa damascene mill and pelargonium graveolens on post-operative pain intensity in pediatric. Anesthesiology and Pain 2015;5:64\u201373."}],"container-title":["Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/journals\/jcim\/17\/3\/article-20190141.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jcim-2019-0141\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jcim-2019-0141\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:26:04Z","timestamp":1765542364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jcim-2019-0141\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jcim-2019-0141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jcim-2019-0141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3840","2194-6329"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-3840","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2194-6329","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"article-number":"20190141"}}