{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:41:36Z","timestamp":1765539696477,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Central Council of Research in Siddha (CCRS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu","award":["F. No.1-153\/2021-22\/CCRS\/Tech.\/5SD Dated 03\/01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F. No.1-153\/2021-22\/CCRS\/Tech.\/5SD Dated 03\/01\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2024-0052_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A siddha drug,\n                      <jats:italic>linga chendhooram<\/jats:italic>\n                      was prepared from cinnabar (\n                      <jats:italic>lingam<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and\n                      <jats:italic>Citrullus colocynthis<\/jats:italic>\n                      L. The transition of heavy metals concentration throughout the\u00a0process were analysed to comprehend the significance of\u00a0drug preparatory methods. In addition to that the main constituent cinnabar was purified from two different methods to comparatively analyse the significance of purification methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2024-0052_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Atomic absorption spectrometric studies were employed to obtain the concentration of class I heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury) in all five samples\u00a0\u2013 raw cinnabar (R), cinnabar purified (P1 and P2) from purification method 1 and 2,\n                      <jats:italic>linga chendhooram<\/jats:italic>\n                      (D1 and D2) prepared from P1 and P2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2024-0052_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the permissible limits given by The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, except cadmium the concentrations of all other three heavy metals were found to be above the limit in P1, P2, D1 and D2. According to the oral Permitted Daily Exposure values for elemental impurities given in ICH Q3D(R1) Guidelines, D1 was within the permissible limits for both single and double oral doses whereas D2 showed a slight increase in the concentration of lead in a single oral dose itself.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2024-0052_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The drug preparatory method showed a reduction of the heavy metals concentration and comparative analysis of the purification methods revealed a substantial reduction of heavy metals concentration in the end drug D1 when compared with D2 showing that the methods of purification and drug preparation in siddha system plays a vital role in reducing the concentrations of heavy metals accordingly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2024-0052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T01:22:01Z","timestamp":1716945721000},"page":"325-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A spectrometric analysis of variedly purified cinnabar in a siddha drug\u00a0\u2013\n                    <i>linga chendhooram<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1575-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivani","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"75067 Santhigiri Siddha Medical College , Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baskaran","family":"Sivaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"75067 Santhigiri Siddha Medical College , Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hariharan","family":"Pattabiraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"75067 Santhigiri Siddha Medical College , Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala , India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_001","unstructured":"Thiyagarajan, Gunapaadam Thaathu Jeeva Vaguppu. Indian medicine and homeopathy department. Chennai; 2009:269\u201381 pp."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_002","unstructured":"Sugunthan, S. Concept of nanotechnology in siddha medical literatures. World J Pharmaceut Res 2016;5:276\u201384. Available from: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/29321703\/10.20959\/wjpr21610-712."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_003","unstructured":"Savarimuthu, MJ, Ranjit Singh, AJA, Padmalatha, C. Antibacterial potential of some herbo-mineral siddha preparation: an alternative medicine for enteric pathogens. J Chem Pharmaceut Res 2011;3:572\u20138. Available from: .https:\/\/www.jocpr.com\/articles\/antibacterial-potential-of-some-herbomineral-siddha-preparation-an-alternative-medicine-for-enteric-pathogens.pdf."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_004","unstructured":"Gnanasundari, R. Standardization on the purification process of lingam [Dissertation studies]. Chennai: National Institute of Siddha, Department of Nanju Noolum Maruthuva Neethi Noolum; 2017. Available from: http:\/\/repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in\/9620\/."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_005","unstructured":"Elansekaran, S, Thanigavelan, V, Logamanian, M. Physico chemical characterization of linga chendhuram. J.\u00a0Dent. Med. Sci. 2016;5:09\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9790\/0853-1504140915."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_006","unstructured":"Deva Aasirvaatham, S. Marunthu Sei Iyalum Kailaiyum. Indian medicine and homeopathy department. Chennai 2021;196."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_007","unstructured":"Sarakku Suddhi Sei Muraigal. Indian medicine and homeopathy department. Chennai; 2008:51\u20133 pp."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_008","unstructured":"The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, 1st ed. Ghaziabad; 2016, vol 1:117 p."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_009","unstructured":"General Guidelines for Drug Development of Ayurvedic Formulations, Guidelines series I. Central Council of research in ayurvedic sciences, ministry of AYUSH, government of India, 1st ed. New Delhi; 2018:6\u20137 pp."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_010","unstructured":"Agarwal, P, Rajat, V, Goyal, A. Usage of heavy metals in ayurvedic Formulations and its management: a review. Int J Ayurveda Pharma Res 2018;6:33\u201347. Available from:http:\/\/www.ijaprs.com\/index.php\/ijapr\/article\/view\/918."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_011","unstructured":"ICH Harmonised Guideline\u00a0\u2013 Guideline for Elemental Impurities Q3D(R1). International Council for harmonisation of technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for human use, European medicines agency (Science Medicines Health); 2019:18\u201325 pp."},{"key":"2025121209080468511_j_jcim-2024-0052_ref_012","unstructured":"Terrie, K, Boguski, PE. Understanding units of measurement. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens, Center for Hazardous Substance Research, Kansas State University. Manhattan: 2006. 2. Available from: https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncer_abstracts\/index.cfm\/fuseaction\/display.files\/fileid\/14285"}],"container-title":["Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jcim-2024-0052\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jcim-2024-0052\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T11:38:08Z","timestamp":1765539488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jcim-2024-0052\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jcim-2024-0052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jcim-2024-0052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3840"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1553-3840"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]}}}