{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:46:05Z","timestamp":1791960365190,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["971166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["971166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2024-0353_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A clinical trial was conducted to address the trend of high cesarean section rates resulting from maternal fear of childbirth. This trial aimed to investigate the effectiveness of self-hypnosis in mitigating fear and pain during childbirth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2024-0353_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a parallel, not blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted in 2019 in Mashhad, Iran. Ninety-three nulliparous women were selected by convenience sampling and randomized by random allocation software (4 blocking groups) to either self-hypnosis or control groups. During the clinical trial, both groups received usual care for pregnancy and childbirth. However, the self-hypnosis group also participated in two hypnosis sessions and was given two audio files to practice self-hypnosis at home until delivery. The follow-up period ranged from the 37th week of pregnancy to the postpartum period. Fear of childbirth was assessed at 39\u202fweeks and at\u00a0cervical dilatation of 8\u201310\u202fcm, while labor pain was measured at the same stage of labor as the primary outcomes between two groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16, applying the Independent sample t-test, Mann\u2013Whitney U test, and Chi-square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2024-0353_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty women in the self-hypnosis group, aged 24.96\u00b15.42, and 33 women in the control group, aged 23.63\u00b14.68, completed the study. The average scores of fear of childbirth during pregnancy at 39\u202fweeks (self-hypnosis: 46.46\u00b114.53, control: 73.18\u00b117.91), during the active phase of labor at cervical dilatation of 8\u201310\u202fcm (self-hypnosis: 40.80\u00b117.37, control: 75.12\u00b119.40), and labor pain at cervical dilatation of 8\u201310\u202fcm (self-hypnosis: 83.03\u00b116.43, control: 95.36\u00b110.36) were significantly lower in the self-hypnosis group compared to the control group (p&lt;0.001 for all).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2024-0353_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that self-hypnosis could be a more effective intervention than usual care alone for reducing fear and pain during natural childbirth in nulliparous women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2024-0353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T04:51:27Z","timestamp":1740459087000},"page":"353-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of self-hypnosis on fear and pain of natural childbirth: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Batool","family":"Kamalimanesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery , School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran"},{"name":"Department of Midwifery , School of Nursing and Midwifery, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences , Sabzevar , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9084-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global and Women\u2019s Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia"},{"name":"Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7231-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor of Anesthesia, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9630-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maliheh","family":"Afiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4939-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahnaz Boroumand","family":"Rezazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Supporting of the Family and the Youth of Population Research Core, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8287-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Taghi","family":"Shakeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , Faculty of Health, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101405585249130_j_jcim-2024-0353_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, C, Hessman, E, Sj\u00f6blom, H, Dencker, A, Jangsten, E, Mollberg, M, et al.. 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