{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T09:40:16Z","timestamp":1767087616235,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0150_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to assess the nutritional composition, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and toxicity properties of an herbal formulation (BF\u00a02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0150_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proximate analysis of the BF 2 formulation was evaluated. The methanol extract of the BF 2 herbal formulation\u2019s potential to reduce ferric ions and function as an iron chelator was evaluated. Oxidative pancreatic injury, induced by FeSO\n                      <jats:sub>4,<\/jats:sub>\n                      was also treated with different concentrations of the BF 2 herbal formulation using Wistar rats\u2019 pancreas via\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      method. The inhibitory effect of the methanol extract on \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase enzymes was measured using metformin as a standard. The effect of BF 2 formulation at 25 and 50\u202fmg\/kg was evaluated in male rabbits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0150_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proximate analysis result of the BF 2 formulation estimated the contents of crude fat and crude protein to be 1.85\u202f% and 26.25\u202f%, respectively. Atomic absorption spectroscopy of the BF 2 formulation revealed the presence of magnesium (11.625\u202fppm) and sodium (4.879\u202fppm). BF 2 formulation had a better NO and DPPH radicals scavenging ability compared to the standard (Quercetin). The methanol extract showed a dose-dependent inhibitory activity on \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase enzymes. 25\u202fmg\/kg of BF 2 formulation resulted in a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in serum testosterone level and a decrease in FSH levels. 25 and 50\u202fmg\/kg b.w. of BF 2 formulation reduced serum ALT and AST in rabbits. Furthermore, BF 2 formulation exerted \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase inhibitory potential, coupled with its significant antioxidant activity; a more thorough examination of BF 2\u2019s toxicity profile is necessary in rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0150_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BF 2 formulation exerted \u03b1-glucosidase and \u03b1-amylase inhibitory potential, coupled with its significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, further studies should be conducted on the BF 2 herbal formulation to evaluate its efficacy in higher animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2025-0150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T04:22:13Z","timestamp":1758255733000},"page":"633-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutritional, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and toxicity assessments of an herbal formulation using\n                    <i>in\u00a0vitro<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>ex vivo<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>in\u00a0vivo<\/i>\n                    approaches"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Akingbolabo Daniel","family":"Ogunlakin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytomedicine and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory (PDD-RL), Department of Biochemistry , Bowen University , Iwo , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwasanumi Fiyinfoluwa","family":"Adekunle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytomedicine and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory (PDD-RL), Department of Biochemistry , Bowen University , Iwo , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew O.","family":"Ayoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Science Programme, Bowen University , Iwo , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanadi S.","family":"Ayuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Science Programme, Bowen University , Iwo , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9331-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwafemi Adeleke","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytomedicine and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory (PDD-RL), Department of Biochemistry , Bowen University , Iwo , Nigeria"},{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling , Institute of Biomedicine , University of Turku , Turku , Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Elbasyouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Pan African University for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI) , Nairobi , Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akinbobola Peace","family":"Otitoju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeyemi Abdullahi","family":"Adegoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oyindamola Esther","family":"Awosola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Next Era Health , Lagos , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor Ayoola","family":"Oye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaxon Global (Anaxonwellness) , Lagos , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edema Adegboyega","family":"Adeleye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojisola Adebimpe","family":"Ayomipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytomedicine and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory (PDD-RL), Department of Biochemistry , Bowen University , Iwo , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enitan Omobolanle","family":"Adesanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Olabisi Onabanjo University , Sagamu , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mubo Adeola","family":"Sonibare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria"},{"name":"Pan African University of Life and Earth Sciences Institute (Including Health and Agriculture) , Ibadan , Oyo , Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradeepa, R, Mohan, V. 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