{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:00:58Z","timestamp":1784635258389,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0192_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the impact of the nitric oxide substrate L-arginine on the neuro- and hepato-toxic effects of malathion in\u00a0rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0192_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rats were treated intraperitoneally with malathion (150\u202fmg\/kg) alone or combined with L-arginine (100, 200 or 400\u202fmg\/kg), atropine (2\u202fmg\/kg) or L-arginine (200\u202fmg\/kg) combined with atropine (2\u202fmg\/kg). Rats were euthanized 4\u202fh later, and their brains and livers analyzed for malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1). Moreover, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), interleukin-15 (IL-15) and anti-apoptotic protein B\u00a0cell\/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were determined in brain tissue. Histopatholoy was also performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0192_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malathion significantly raised brain NO and malondialdehyde alongside with a notable drop in PON-1 activity and GSH levels relative to the saline control. Brain BChE and Bcl-2 were markedly inhibited whereas IL-15 significantly increased by malathion. In brain, L-arginine treatment resulted in a significantly increased malondialdehyde, decreased GSH, and increased IL-15. A significant decrease in liver malondialdehyde occurred by L-arginine\/atropine or atropine. In contrast, L-arginine, L-arginine\/atropine or atropine caused a significant decrease in brain and liver NO levels and increased PON-1 activity. Bcl-2 in brain significantly increased by atropine. Malathion induced brain neuronal and liver degeneration showed marked improvement after atropine\u00a0alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0192_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results indicated that exogenously administered L-arginine did not protect against the neuro- and hepto-toxic effects of malathion. Meanwhile, the ability of atropine to mitigate the deleterious effects of a toxic dose of malathion provides a strong support to the role of excessive stimulation cholinergic pathways in inflicting such damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2025-0192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T17:55:31Z","timestamp":1761587731000},"page":"328-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of the nitric oxide substrate L-arginine alone and combined with atropine on malathion neuro and hepato-toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Amany A.","family":"Sleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology , 68787 Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman R.","family":"Youness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermeen","family":"Shaffie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba A.","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar M.E.","family":"Abdel-Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072110581157199_j_jcim-2025-0192_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakata, M. 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