{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:01:15Z","timestamp":1784635275833,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Persistent subclinical inflammation is a hallmark of\u00a0familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), the most common autoinflammatory disease. Among the key mediators implicated in this chronic inflammatory state are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), and apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2), which contribute to the dysregulated immune response characteristic of\u00a0FMF. The present study aims to evaluate the potential role of TNF-\u03b1, OxLDL, and APOC2 as diagnostic biomarkers of disease severity in patients with\u00a0FMF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0388_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study enrolled 66 patients diagnosed with FMF and 60 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) were quantified using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. However, the apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2) concentrations were measured using an automated biochemistry analyzer. Furthermore, the Carotid intima media was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0388_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum TNF-\u03b1 levels were significantly higher in FMF patients than in the control group, emphasizing the protein\u2019s role as an important marker of chronic inflammation. Levels of low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2) were also notably altered in the FMF cohort. Notably, OxLDL, APOC2 and TNF-\u03b1 demonstrated strong positive correlation with attack frequency, multiple linear regressions analysis showed that OxLDL (\u03b2=1.53, p=0.002) and TNF-\u03b1 (\u03b2=1.38, p=0.003) were significant predictors for higher number of attacks, suggesting their potential role involvement in the inflammatory cascade and their utility as complementary biomarkers in FMF. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) of patients and control subjects did not differ statistically significantly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2025-0388_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TNF-\u03b1, oxidized LDL, and APOC2 are key pro-inflammatory mediators that may serve as novel biomarkers for assessing chronic inflammatory status in FMF patients. Their elevated levels could provide valuable insights into disease progression and help guide personalized treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2025-0388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T03:46:32Z","timestamp":1773891992000},"page":"349-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum TNF-\u03b1, oxidized LDL, and APOCII as novel predictors for familial mediterranean fever in Egyptian children: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9825-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala T.","family":"El- Bassyouni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Department , 68787 Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Department , 68787 Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6492-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Refaat","family":"Youness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Department , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institue. National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisham A.","family":"Orban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Department , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institue. National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1952-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institue. National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Adel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Department , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab S.I.","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Department , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randa Salah","family":"Lotfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genenetics and Enzymology Department , Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha Mahmoud A.","family":"Kobesiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Genenetics and Enzymology Department , Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina Wassef","family":"Girgiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute ,\u00a0 National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif H.","family":"Elwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Therapeutic Chemistry , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industry Research Institute , Ad Doqi , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramy","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Anthropology Department , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute\u2013National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanaa Reyad","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Anthropology Department , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute\u2013National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5853-0050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moushira","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Anthropology Department , Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute\u2013National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072111034175054_j_jcim-2025-0388_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doria, A, Zen, M, Bettio, S, Gatto, M, Bassi, N, Nalotto, L, et al.. 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