{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:51:48Z","timestamp":1791395508682,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic metabolic liver disorder affecting nearly one-quarter of the global population. It is closely associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, and other components of metabolic syndrome, and may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its increasing prevalence, effective pharmacological options remain limited, and sustained lifestyle modification continues to be the cornerstone of management. In Unani medicine, conditions resembling NAFLD are described under\n                    <jats:italic>S\u016b\u2019-i-Miz\u0101j Kabid B\u0101rid<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Waram al-Kabid Balgham\u012b.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A scoping review methodology was employed to map the breadth of available evidence on NAFLD from both conventional and Unani medical perspectives. Electronic databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, Google Scholar, and the AYUSH Research Portal were searched using predefined Boolean search strings. Classical Unani texts were examined manually. Unani literature describes therapeutic approaches centred on \u02bf\n                    <jats:italic>Il\u0101j bi\u2019l-Ghidh\u0101<\/jats:italic>\n                    (diet therapy),\n                    <jats:italic>\u02bfIl\u0101j bi\u2019l-Tadb\u012br<\/jats:italic>\n                    (regimenal therapy), and\n                    <jats:italic>\u02bfIl\u0101j bi\u2019l-Daw\u0101<\/jats:italic>\n                    (pharmacotherapy). Several single and compound formulations possessing hepatoprotective, antioxidant, hypolipidaemic, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycaemic properties have shown potential benefits in preclinical and clinical studies. Available evidence suggests that Unani interventions may offer therapeutic benefit in NAFLD; however, well-designed clinical trials are required to establish their safety and efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2026-0065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:56:06Z","timestamp":1787036166000},"page":"361-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with a special focus on evidence-based Unani therapeutic approaches: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3467-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nida","family":"Mehraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine , New Delhi , India"},{"name":"Ayush Wellness Centre , Rashtrapati Bhavan , President\u2019s Estate , New Delhi , 110004 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atiba","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Unani Medical College and Hospital , Ganderbal , Kashmir , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine , New Delhi , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rameesa","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine , New Delhi , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_001","unstructured":"Boyer, TD, Lindor, KD. In: Sanyal, AJ, Terrault, NA, editors. Zakim and Boyer\u2019s hepatology: a textbook of liver disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021:369\u2013411 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_002","unstructured":"Schaffner, F, Thaler, H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Prog Liver Dis 1986;8:283\u201398."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_003","unstructured":"Jameson, JL, Fauci, AS, Kasper, DL, Hauser, SL, Longo, DL. Harrison\u2019s principles of internal medicine, 20th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2020, 2401\u20134 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedict, M, Zhang, X. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an expanded review. World J Hepatol 2017;9:715\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v9.i16.715.","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i16.715"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurice, J, Manousou, P. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Med 2018;18:245\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-3-245.","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-3-245"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiff, ER, Maddrey, WC, Sorrell, MF. Schiff\u2019s diseases of the liver. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012, 868\u2013907 pp.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119950509"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_007","unstructured":"Munjal, YP, Sharma, SK, Agarwal, AK, Gupta, P, Kamath, S, Nadkar, MY, et al.. API textbook of medicine, 10th ed. Mumbai: Association of Physicians of India; 2015, 1199\u2013203 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_008","unstructured":"Ralston, SH, Penman, ID, Strachan, MWJ, Hobson, RP. Davidson\u2019s principles and practice of medicine, 23rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2018, 882\u20135 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rod\u00e9s, J, Benhamou, JP, Blei, AT, Reichen, J, Rizzetto, M, editors. Textbook of hepatology: from basic science to clinical practice, 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley; 2007:1195\u2013208 pp.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470691861"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dooley, JS, Lok, ASF, Garcia-Tsao, G, Pinzani, M, editors. Sherlock\u2019s diseases of the liver and biliary system, 13th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2018:1412\u201358 pp.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119237662"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanjaya, K, Arun, J. Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2015;35:221\u201335.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562943"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younossi, ZM, Henry, L. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. JHEP Rep 2021;3:100305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100305.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100305"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennison, E, Patel, J, Scorletti, E, Byrne, CD. Diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Postgrad Med J 2019;95:314\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/postgradmedj-2018-136316.","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2018-136316"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamseya, AM, Afify, MT, Fayad, HAS, Elshafey, MM. Real-time elastography (FibroScan) compared with simple non-invasive screening tools in the assessment of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. Egypt Liver J 2022;12:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43066-022-00197-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43066-022-00197-w"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_015","unstructured":"Sina, I. Al Qanoon fit Tibb. New Delhi: Aijaz Publishing House; 2010, vol 3, 854\u201364 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naaz, F. A review of fatty liver disease and its management in Unani medicine. Pharmacopoeia Commission Indian Med Homeopathy 2016;6:121\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/spatula.20170408044159.","DOI":"10.5455\/spatula.20170408044159"},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paternostro, R, Trauner, M. Current treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 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New Delhi: Idara Kitab-ul-Shifa; 2010, vol 2, 440\u20138 pp., 518-519."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_061","unstructured":"Tabri, AHAIM. Al-Moalajat-e-Buqratiyah. New Delhi: CCRUM; 1997, vol 3, 191\u2013202 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_062","unstructured":"Jurjani, AH. Zakheerah Khawarizam Shahi. New Delhi: Idara Kitab-ul-Shifa; 2010, vol 6, 377\u201381 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_063","unstructured":"Zuhar, AM. Kitab al-Taiseer fil Madawa wa Tadbeer. New Delhi: CCRUM; 1986, 114\u201317 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_064","unstructured":"Baghdadi, MAH. Kitab-ul-Mukhtarat fil-Tib. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2004, vol 3, 272\u20135 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_065","unstructured":"I Rushd. Kitab-ul-Kulliyat. New Delhi: CCRUM; 1987, 26\u201352 pp."},{"key":"2026100716595867880_j_jcim-2026-0065_ref_066","unstructured":"Nafees, AB. Kulliyat-e-Nafisi. 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