{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:51:48Z","timestamp":1791395508199,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2026-0074_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that leads to motor and non-motor challenges, significantly impacting the quality of life. Research highlights body\u2019s antioxidant systems role in mitigating PD. This study investigated neuroprotective capabilities of\n                      <jats:italic>Tinospora sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      stem extract (TSSE) in a rat model of PD induced by rotenone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2026-0074_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PD was induced in rats by subcutaneous rotenone injections (2\u202fmg\/kg\/day) for 35\u00a0days. TSSE was administered orally at 100, 200, and 400\u202fmg\/kg doses, with levodopa\u2013carbidopa as the standard reference. Motor impairments were assessed through catalepsy, locomotor activity, and rotarod tests. Biochemical evaluations included oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase), and dopamine levels, and monoamino oxidase\u2013B (MAO-B). Histopathological examination of brain assessed neuronal integrity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2026-0074_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rotenone administration led to significant motor impairments, increased oxidative stress, reduced dopamine levels, and neuronal damage. Treatment with TSSE resulted in notable, dose-dependent enhancements in motor abilities and restored antioxidant enzyme activities, while also reducing lipid peroxidation, as indicated by decreased malondialdehyde levels. Additionally, TSSE decreased MAO-B level and increased brain dopamine level and maintained neuronal structure. The TSSE 400\u202fmg\/kg exhibited neuroprotective effects comparable to those of standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jcim-2026-0074_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TSSE shows significant neuroprotective effects, likely by enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses and restoring dopaminergic neurotransmission. These findings suggest, TSSE could serve as a complementary therapeutic approach that targets oxidative and neurodegenerative mechanisms in\u00a0PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2026-0074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:15:17Z","timestamp":1781309717000},"page":"439-447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding the neuroprotective secrets of\n                    <i>Tinospora sinensis<\/i>\n                    : navigating the rotenone induced storm of behavioral and biochemical challenges in Parkinson\u2019s disease rat models"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Prabha","family":"Bhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shree Chanakya Education Society's Indira College of Pharmacy , Tathawade, Pune, 411033 affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , Maharashtra , India"},{"name":"Marathwada Mitra Mandals College of Pharmacy , Thergaon, Pune, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , Maharashtra , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvarna","family":"Ingale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indira University , School of Pharmacy Pune Formerly SCES\u2019s Indira College of Pharmacy , Pune , , Maharashtra , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shree Chanakya Education Society's Indira College of Pharmacy , Tathawade, Pune, 411033 affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , Maharashtra , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100716595865762_j_jcim-2026-0074_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smart, K, Durso, R, Morgan, J, McNamara, P. 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