{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:03:37Z","timestamp":1775592217916,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>There are many systematic errors in the precise levelling measurements. The most of them we have studied and their impact on the final accuracy of levelling is solved by appropriate corrections. The main objective of the current article is to reveal the greatest systematic error in the processing of levelling data, i.e., the use of only the averages of the fore and the back measurements of the elevations in levelling lines as initial data in the adjustment of the highest order levelling networks. Regardless of the type of distribution, simulations of random paired samples reveal that the averages of each pair only up to 33% of all cases are more closely located to the known theoretical expectation with respect to their parents. This fact implies that the collected data are not processed in the best way. In order not to lose information, we adjusted a reduced network of the Third Precise Levelling of Finland network in all possible combinations by the use of the fore, the back, and the mean of each line elevation. As a result, the final accuracy increases more than 10 times in comparison to an adjustment with the use of the averages only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jogs-2022-0170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:15:49Z","timestamp":1710839749000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["On initial data in adjustments of the geometric levelling networks (on the mean of paired observations)"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Vasil","family":"Cvetkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Architecture Civil Engineering and Geodesy: Universitet po arhitektura stroitelstvo i geodezia , Sofia , Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_001","unstructured":"Apollo, M., M. Jakubiak, S. Nistor, P. Lewinska, A. Krawczyk, \u0141. Borowski, et al. 2023. \u201cGeodata in science \u2013 a review of selected scientific fields.\u201d Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Formatio Circumiectus 22(2), 17\u201340. 10.15576\/ASP.FC\/2023.22.2.02."},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_002","unstructured":"Borowski, \u0141. 2015. Zastosowanie sieci ASG-EUPOS do modelowania lokalnej quasi-geoidy. Krakow: AGH University of Science and Technology."},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_003","unstructured":"Cvetkov, V. 2023a. \u201cAn algorithm for adjustment of geometric levelling networks.\u201d Proceedings of the 8-th World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium 2023, Prague, Czech Republic, 28 August-01 September 2023 (in press)."},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_004","unstructured":"Cvetkov, V. 2023b. \u201cGeometric levelling data and some systematic faults in their treatment.\u201d Proceedings of the 8-th World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium 2023, Prague, Czech Republic, 28 August-01 September 2023 (in press)."},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_005","unstructured":"Cvetkov, V. 2023c. \u201cThe central limit theorem and the measures of central tendency.\u201d Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Zeitgen\u00f6ssische Wissenschaft 49, 14\u201321. 10.5281\/zenodo.7594733."},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dekking, F. M., C. Kraaikamp, H. P. Lopuha\u00e4, and L. E. Meester. 2005. A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics: understanding why and how. Springer Verlag, London.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-84628-168-7"},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_007","unstructured":"K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen, E. 1966. The Second Levelling of Finland in 1935\u20131955, Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute No. 61, Helsinki. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10138\/347072."},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_008","unstructured":"Montgomery D. and G. Runger. 2014. Applied statistics and probability for engineers (6th ed.). Hoboken, New York: Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nsiah Ababio A. and R. Tenzer. 2022. \u201cCompilation of the new detailed geoid model HKGEOID-2022 for the Hong Kong territories.\u201d Marine Geodesy, 45(6), 688\u2013709. 10.1080\/01490419.2022.2124560.","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2022.2124560"},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peneva E. and I. Georgiev. 2010. \u201cEvaluation of the Quasigeoid models EGG97 and EGG07 with GPS\/levelling data for the territory of Bulgaria.\u201d In: IAG Book series Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation, International Association of Geodesy Symposia, edited by Mertika. Vol. 135, p. 303\u2013307. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. 10.1007\/978-3-642-10634-7_39.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10634-7_39"},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_011","unstructured":"Saaranen V., P. Lehmuskoski, M. Takalo and P. Rouhiainen. 2021. The Third Precise Levelling of Finland, FGI Publications No. 161, Kirkkonummi. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10138\/326007."},{"key":"2024031909123688449_j_jogs-2022-0170_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka Y. and Y. Aoki. 2022. \u201cA geodetic determination of the gravitational potential difference toward a 100-km-scale clock frequency comparison in a plate subduction zone.\u201d In: Geodesy for a Sustainable Earth. International Association of Geodesy Symposia, edited by Freymueller, J. T. and S\u00e1nchez, L., Vol. 154. Springer, Cham. 10.1007\/1345_2022_147.","DOI":"10.1007\/1345_2022_147"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geodetic Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jogs-2022-0170\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jogs-2022-0170\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:15:57Z","timestamp":1710839757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jogs-2022-0170\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jogs-2022-0170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jogs-2022-0170","relation":{},"ISSN":["2081-9943"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2081-9943","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"article-number":"20220170"}}