{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T15:21:05Z","timestamp":1707664865381},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2020-0287_abs_001_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1aab1c17b1Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The true prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been difficult to determine due to limited testing, inconsistent symptom severity, and asymptomatic infections. Systematic investigation of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 has been limited to urban environments and large academic centers. Limited data on the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is available for those who live in a rural community setting, leaving rural practitioners to extrapolate the epidemiology of COVID-19 to a nonhomogeneous population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2020-0287_abs_002_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1aab1c17b2Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a community setting. The secondary objective of this study was to describe the difference in infection rate and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing in the same rural community.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2020-0287_abs_003_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1aab1c17b3Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A prospective convenience sample of community members and healthcare workers from the Kingman, Arizona area were tested for SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific antibodies using a lateral flow immunoassay with the\u00a0VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG test (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Inc.) from September 28, 2020 to October 09, 2020. Upon recruitment, participants were asked to complete a demographic survey assessing socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and COVID-19 symptoms in the preceding two\u00a0months. Following enrollment, a retrospective chart review was completed to determine the percentage of patients who had undergone previous SARS-CoV-RT-PCR testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2020-0287_abs_004_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1aab1c17b4Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 566 participants were included in the final analysis: 380 (67.1%) were women, 186 (32.9%) were men, a majority (458; 80.9%) self-identified as White, and 303 (53.5%) were employed as healthcare professionals. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was found to be 8.0% (45 of 566) across the sample and 9.9% (30 of 303) in healthcare workers. No statistical difference in seroprevalence was found between men and women, healthcare workers and\u00a0other participants, amongst racial groups, by socioeconomic status, by comorbid conditions, or by education level. Among the participants, 108 (19.1%) underwent previous RT-PCR testing. Of the 45 patients who were antibody positive, 27 (60%) had received a previous RT-PCR test, with 20 (44.4%) testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Participants with symptoms of anosmia\/ageusia (p&lt;0.001), chest congestion (p=0.047), fever (p=0.007), and shortness of breath (p=0.002) within the past two\u00a0months were more likely to have antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2020-0287_abs_005_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1aab1c17b5Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Only 8% of 566 participants in this rural community setting were found to have antibodies for SARS-CoV-2. A large minority (18; 40%) of patients testing seropositive for SARs-CoV-2 had never received a prior test, suggesting that the actual rates of infection are higher than publicly available data suggest. Further large-scale antibody testing is needed to determine the true prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the rural setting.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2020-0287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T03:50:01Z","timestamp":1613879401000},"page":"199-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a rural southwest community"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Santarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Graduate Medical Education , Kingman Regional Medical Center in Arizona , Kingman , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Lalitsasivimol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WL Nugent Cancer Center, Kingman Regional Medical Center in Arizona , Kingman , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nate","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Graduate Medical Education , Kingman Regional Medical Center in Arizona , Kingman , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sasha","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Graduate Medical Education , Kingman Regional Medical Center in Arizona , Kingman , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine , Kingman Regional Medical Center in Arizona , Kingman , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pacific Northwest University , Washington , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing , Kingman Regional Medical Center in Arizona , Kingman , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ashurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine , Kingman Regional Medical Center in Arizona , Kingman , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_001_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b1Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, E, Du, H, Gardner, L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Inf Dis. 2020(5):533-534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_002_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b2Aa","unstructured":"Information for Health Departments on Reporting Cases of COVID-19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Updated May 5, 2020. Accessed October 28, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/php\/reporting-pui.html"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_003_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b3Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esakandari, H, Nabi-Afjadi, M, Fakkari-Afjadi, J, Farahmandian, N, Miresmaeili, SM, Bahreini, E. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics. Biol Proced Online. 2020;22:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12575-020-00128-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-020-00128-2"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_004_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b4Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W, Xiaomao, X, Chang, Z, et al. The dynamic changes of serum IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020 Jul 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.26353","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26353"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_005_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, QX, Liu, BZ, Deng, HJ, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nat Med 26, 845\u2013848 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_006_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b6Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havers, FP, Reed, C, Lim, T, et al. Seroprevalence of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 Sites in the United States, March 23-May 12, 2020 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 21]. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4130","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4130"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_007_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, ES, Tesoriero, JM, Rosenthal, EM, et al. Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;48:23-29.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.25.20113050","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.25.20113050"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_008_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b8Aa","unstructured":"Estimates Population. United States Census Bureau Website, 2019. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/mohavecountyarizona Accessed September 23, 2020."},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_009_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2b9Aa","unstructured":"Coronavirus Response Hub. Mohave County Public Health website. https:\/\/covid-19-mohave.hub.arcgis.com\/ Updated October 29, 2020. Accessed October 30, 2020."},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_010_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c10Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontanet, A, Cauchemez, S. COVID-19 herd immunity: where are we? Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(10):583-584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-020-00451-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00451-5"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_011_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, CC, Wang, JH, Hsueh, PR. Population-based seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: an up-to-date review. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 9;101:314-322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.011"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_012_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sood, N, Simon, P, Ebner, P, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies among adults in Los Angeles County, California, on April 10-11, 2020. JAMA. 2020;323(23):2425\u20132427.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8279"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_013_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c13Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, ES, Tesoriero, JM, Rosenthal, EM, et al. Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;48:23\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.06.004"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_014_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c14Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menachemi, N, Yiannoutsos, CT, Dixon, BE, et al. Population point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a statewide random sample - Indiana, April 25-29, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(29):960-964. Published 2020 Jul 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6929e1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6929e1"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_015_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c15Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, M, Cieslak, P, Linder, M. Notes from the field: seroprevalence estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in convenience sample - Oregon, May 11-June 15, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(32):1100\u20131101.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932a4"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_016_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c16Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranbhai, V, Chang, CC, Beltran, WFG, et al. High seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Chelsea, Massachusetts. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(12):1955-1959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa579","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa579"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_017_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, DL, Goldgof, GM, Shy, BR, et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and neutralizing activity in donor and patient blood from the San Francisco Bay Area. medRxiv. 2020;2020 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.19.20107482","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.19.20107482"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_018_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajema, KL, Wiegand, RE, Cuffe, K, et al. Estimated SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in the US as of September 2020. JAMA Intern Med. Published online November 24, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.7976","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.7976"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_019_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y, Tong, X, Wang, J, et al. High SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients. J Infect. 2020;81(3):420-426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.067"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_020_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c20Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iversen, K, Bundgaard, H, Hasselbalch, RB, et al. Risk of COVID-19 in health-care workers in Denmark: an observational cohort study [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 3] [published correction appears in Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;20(10):e250]. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;S1473-3099(20)30589-2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30589-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30589-2"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_021_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Self, WH, Tenforde, MW, Stubblefield, WB, et al. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Frontline Health Care Personnel in a Multistate Hospital Network - 13 Academic Medical Centers, April-June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(35):1221-1226. Published 2020 Sep 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6935e2","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6935e2"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_022_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sims, MD, Maine, GN, Childers, KL, et al. COVID-19 seropositivity and asymptomatic rates in healthcare workers are associated with job function and masking [published online ahead of print, 2020 Nov 5]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa1684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1684","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1684"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_023_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, T, Hayakawa, K, Ainai, A, et al.. Effectiveness of personal protective equipment in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection among healthcare workers. J Infect Chemother. 2021;27(1):120-122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.09.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.09.006"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_024_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c24Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, DBG, Shah, A, Doubeni, CA, Sia, IG, Wieland, ML. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic minorities in the United States [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 20]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa815","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa815"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_025_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c25Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, MA, Homan, PA, Garc\u00eda, C, Brown, TH. The color of COVID-19: structural racism and the pandemic\u2019s disproportionate impact on older racial and ethnic minorities [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 5]. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020;gbaa114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa114","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa114"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_026_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c26Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houlihan, CF, Vora, N, Byrne, T, et al. Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care workers. Lancet. 2020;396(10246):e6-e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31484-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31484-7"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_027_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c27Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douthit, N, Kiv, S, Dwolatzky, T, Biswas, S. Exposing some important barriers to health care access in the rural USA. Public Health. 2015;129(6):611-620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.04.001"},{"key":"2021022021102974026_j_jom-2020-0287_ref_028_w2aab3b7c61b1b6b1ab2b2c28Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X, Orom, H, Hay, JL, et al.. Differences in rural and urban health information access and use. J Rural Health. 2019;35(3):405-417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jrh.12335","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12335"}],"container-title":["Journal of Osteopathic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2020-0287\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2020-0287\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T03:50:14Z","timestamp":1613879414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2020-0287\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jom-2020-0287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jom-2020-0287","relation":{},"ISSN":["2702-3648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2702-3648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}}}