{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:38:51Z","timestamp":1778697531353,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2021-0208_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overlap between medical school, residency, and childbearing potential increases the likelihood a woman will pursue parenthood within her, or her partner\u2019s, medical training. Parental leave benefits mothers, fathers, and infants. Adequate parental leave promotes physical recovery, mental health, infant bonding, improved breastfeeding, appropriate childhood immunization, and familial engagement. Despite the risks and benefits, the United States does not have national paid maternity, paternity, or\u00a0parental leave requirements. Complicating matters for medical trainees, parental leave policies are not well-defined within the undergraduate (UME) and graduate medical education (GME) realms. Significant policy advancements are on the horizon for GME; however, medical schools are left without evidence to support policy formation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2021-0208_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aims to identify the presence and nature of maternal\/paternal leave policies and procedures within UME. Given the authors\u2019 close association with osteopathic medical education, only osteopathic medical schools were considered to lay the framework for future study in UME.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2021-0208_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Investigators searched university websites for student handbooks outlining rules and policies surrounding parental leave. The following terms were utilized to investigate these documents: \u201cparental,\u201d \u201cmaternity,\u201d \u201cpaternity,\u201d \u201cpregnant,\u201d \u201cpregnancy,\u201d and \u201cleave of absence\u201d (LOA). Administrative personnel were contacted, and subjective data were documented. A parental leave policy was defined as explicitly dedicated to expectant parents or those parents planning on adoption. Medical leave or other short- and long-term LOA policies were not considered a parental leave policy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2021-0208_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 42 osteopathic medical schools were identified. Investigators established email communication with 17 schools (40.5%). Neither a student handbook nor\u00a0email contact could be made with one institution. Two\u00a0(4.9%) osteopathic medical schools overtly described parental leave in their policies. The majority of schools recommended students seeking parental leave follow short- or long-term LOA policies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2021-0208_abs_005\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Without protected leave time, students must decide whether to begin a family or delay medical education. As GME begins prioritizing policy change, the authors call on UME to follow suit. Parenthood and medicine must be intertwined.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2021-0208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T07:26:38Z","timestamp":1645169198000},"page":"229-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Parental leave in medical school: supporting students as parents"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Sheila R.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Anthony North Family Medicine Residency , Westminster , CO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Florida College of Medicine\u00a0\u2013 Jacksonville , Jacksonville , FL , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7467-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquelyn D.","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences , Rocky Vista University , Parker , CO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_001","unstructured":"Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). Table\u00a0B-1.2: total enrollment by U.S. medical school and sex, 2016-2017 through 2020-2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/media\/6101\/download?attachment [Accessed 28 Sep 2021]."},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_002","unstructured":"American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM). 2019-20 osteopathic medical college total enrollment by gender and race\/ethnicity. Available from: https:\/\/www.aacom.org\/docs\/default-source\/data-and-trends\/2019-20-total-enrollment-by-gender-race-ethnicity-and-osteopathic-medical-college.pdf?sfvrsn=4def0897_8 [Accessed 10 Jun 2021]."},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_003","unstructured":"Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). Table\u00a0A-6: age of applicants to U.S. medical schools at anticipated matriculation by sex and race\/ethnicity, 2014-2015 through\u00a02017-2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/system\/files\/d\/1\/321468-factstablea6.pdf [Accessed 7 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_004","unstructured":"Martin, JA, Hamilton, BE, Osterman, MJK, Driscoll, AK. Births: final data for 2018. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2019;68:1\u201347."},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz Worthington, R, Feld, LD, Volerman, A. Supporting new physicians and new parents: a call to create a standard parental leave policy for residents. Acad Med 2019;94:1654\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002862.","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002862"},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, R. Despite potential health benefits of maternity leave, US lags behind other industrialized countries. JAMA 2016;315:643\u20135.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18609"},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stack, SW, Jagsi, R, Biermann, JS, Lundberg, GP, Law, KL, Milne, CK, et al.. Maternity leave in residency: a multicenter study of determinants and wellness outcomes. Acad Med 2019;94:1738\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002780.","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002780"},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_008","unstructured":"American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). American Board of Medical Specialties Policy on parental, caregiver and medical leave during training. Available from: https:\/\/www.abms.org\/policies\/parental-leave\/[Accessed 7 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_009","unstructured":"American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM). U.S. colleges of osteopathic medicine. Available from: https:\/\/www.aacom.org\/become-a-doctor\/u-s-colleges-of-osteopathic-medicine [Accessed 12 Dec 2020]."},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stack, SW, McKinney, CM, Spiekerman, C, Best, JA. Childbearing and maternity leave in residency: determinants and wellbeing outcomes. Postgrad Med 2018;94:694\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/postgradmedj-2018-135960.","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2018-135960"},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finch, SJ. Pregnancy during residency: a literature review. Acad Med 2003;78:418\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001888-200304000-00021.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200304000-00021"},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stack, SW, Eurich, KE, Kaplan, EA, Ball, AL, Mookherjee, S, Best, JA. Parenthood during graduate medical education: a scoping review. Acad Med 2019;94:1814\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002948.","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002948"},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, MB, Talbott, JMV, Melikian, R, Merrill, SA, Stonnington, CM, Hayes, SN, et al.. Current parental leave policies for medical students at U.S. medical schools: a comparative study. Acad Med 2021;96:1315\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004074.","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004074"},{"key":"2022042221052784522_j_jom-2021-0208_ref_014","unstructured":"City and County of Denver Official Site. Proposition 118: paid family and medical leave insurance program. Available from: https:\/\/www.denvergov.org\/content\/denvergov\/en\/denver-decides\/ballot-issues\/proposition-118.html [Accessed 8 Mar 2021]."}],"container-title":["Journal of Osteopathic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2021-0208\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2021-0208\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T21:06:26Z","timestamp":1650661586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2021-0208\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jom-2021-0208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jom-2021-0208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2702-3648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2702-3648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]}}}