{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:57:16Z","timestamp":1779105436799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01DA055349 and R34DA05034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA055349 and R34DA05034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["P20GM109097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM109097"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000102","name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U4AMC44250-01-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U4AMC44250-01-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2022-0221_abs_001\">\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many studies have shown increases in negative social aspects in the United States that may increase the likelihood of a child experiencing adversity. These rising trends include household dysfunction, poor mental health and substance use, crime rates, and incarceration. Additionally, the pathway of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may also perpetuate intergenerational trauma.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2022-0221_abs_002\">\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Given these increased trends, our objective was to determine the mean ACEs reported among adults by year of birth to assess trends of ACEs over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2022-0221_abs_003\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess ACEs trends in the United States, we\u00a0utilized data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a nationally representative survey. We summed individuals\u2019 reported ACEs and then calculated the mean ACE score within age cohorts (in\u00a01-year increments) by year of birth. We utilized an auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to forecast mean ACEs through 2030.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2022-0221_abs_004\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Respondents to the ACEs module (n=116,378) represented 63,076,717 adults in the United States, with an\u00a0average age cohort of 1715 individuals. The mean reported ACEs among individuals 80 years or older (born\u00a0in\u00a0or before 1940) was 0.79, while the highest mean ACEs (2.74) were reported among the cohort born in 1998\u2014an average increase of 0.022 ACEs per year. The ARIMA model forecasted that individuals born in 2018 will, on average, surpass a cumulative of three ACEs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2022-0221_abs_005\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Given the connection of ACEs to poor health outcomes and quality of life, this trend is alarming and provides evidence for the necessity of child maltreatment prevention. Multigenerational trauma-informed care and education are warranted for individuals with ACEs and may even prevent the cycle from recurring.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2022-0221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T21:07:24Z","timestamp":1679519244000},"page":"357-363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trends and forecasted rates of adverse childhood experiences among adults in the United States: an analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Micah","family":"Hartwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences , Tulsa , OK , USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Office of Medical Student Research , Tahlequah , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Hendrix-Dicken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , University of Oklahoma, School of Community Medicine , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Office of Medical Student Research , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadie","family":"Schiffmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Office of Medical Student Research , Tahlequah , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics , University of Oklahoma, School of Community Medicine , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Croff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State University Centre for Health Sciences, National Centre for Wellness and Recovery , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023062304212619837_j_jom-2022-0221_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felitti, VJ, Anda, RF, Nordenberg, D, Williamson, DF, Spitz, AM, Edwards, V, et al.. 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