{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:56:56Z","timestamp":1789070216906,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0044_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research has linked the manifestation of multiple chronic diseases that are frequently due to health behaviors to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Despite this, the link between ACEs and the age of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis is scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0044_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As such, our primary objective was to evaluate and describe the impact of ACEs on the age at diagnosis utilizing the data from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Our secondary objective was to analyze the relationship between various demographic factors and the age of T2DM diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0044_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2021 cycle of the BRFSS. Applying sampling weights, provided by BRFSS, we assessed the prevalence rates of ACEs across sociodemographic variables and utilized binary and multivariable regressions to determine associations between sociodemographic factors and ACE scores on age of T2DM diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0044_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 437,708 respondents, 57,616 (12.6\u202f%) individuals reported having diabetes, with 6901 including responses for age of T2DM diagnosis and ACEs. We found a relationship between ACEs and earlier age of diabetes diagnosis\u00a0\u2013\u00a0with individuals experiencing 1\u20133 ACEs being diagnosed 2.15\u00a0years earlier (standard error [SE]=0.48, p&lt;0.001) than those with 0 ACEs, and 6.37\u00a0years earlier for individuals experiencing 4+ ACEs (SE=0.61, p&lt;0.001). Significant differences in ACEs and age of diagnosis were also found between ethnoracial groups\u00a0\u2013\u00a0compared to White, non-Hispanic individuals with 0 ACEs, the mean age of diagnosis was more than 12\u00a0years earlier among those who experienced 4+ ACEs and were either Asian, American Indian\/Alaskan Native (AI\/AN), or Hispanic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0044_abs_005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational analysis of one-year of BRFSS data found earlier diagnosis of T2DM among adults reporting ACEs compared to those without ACEs, but this varied by racial and ethnic identities. Although early diagnosis is critical in long-term T2DM management, appropriate identification of childhood adversity may be a key component to the development of the disease. This may be achieved through comprehensive child and family resources that target mental health and behavioral factors already known to be associated with\u00a0T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2025-0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:55:42Z","timestamp":1754038542000},"page":"147-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of adverse childhood experiences on age of diabetes diagnosis and associations with race and ethnicity"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9611-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allie","family":"Rice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Office of Medical Student Research , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0149-7353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"33264 Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9376-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Hendrix-Dicken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2294-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Covenant","family":"Elenwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation , Tahlequah , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0415-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Croff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Wellness and Recovery , Tulsa , OK , USA"},{"name":"Department of Rural Health , Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3227-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences , Tulsa , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micah","family":"Hartwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences , Tulsa , OK , USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine at Cherokee Nation, Office of Medical Student Research , Tahlequah , OK , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022111564633814_j_jom-2025-0044_ref_001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, K, Bellis, MA, Sethi, D, Butchart, A, Mikton, C, Hardcastle, KA, et al.. 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