{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T13:14:23Z","timestamp":1779282863158,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) is a hands-on approach utilized by physicians to diagnose, treat, and prevent various conditions through the application of muscle manipulation techniques. It has been applied in managing chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, headaches, migraines, Parkinsonian gait, and psychological conditions such as stress, anxiety, and depression. In our narrative review, we aim to integrate both direct clinical studies of OMM in cerebral palsy (CP) and supportive literature on mechanisms and related conditions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies on OMM in CP management. Search strategies were intentionally broad to capture mechanistic, supportive, and clinical evidence. Representative terms included \u201costeopathic manipulative medicine and cerebral palsy,\u201d \u201costeopathic treatment and neurological disorders,\u201d and \u201cmanual therapy and cerebral palsy.\u201d Additionally, reference lists of relevant articles were manually reviewed to identify additional studies. Overall, we found that integrating OMM into CP management may offer a noninvasive approach to improving MSK function and neuromuscular control while alleviating the emotional and physical challenges, as well as increasing movement to reduce joint contractures associated with the condition. OMM techniques may also help reduce stress, anxiety, and constipation, which are prevalent among CP patients due to the psychological and physiological burdens of the disorder. OMM\u2019s holistic approach has the potential to enhance outcomes for individuals with CP by addressing their multifaceted needs. While further research and advocacy are necessary to fully integrate OMM into mainstream CP management, existing evidence suggests that OMM may improve patient outcomes and quality of life. However, the current evidence has remained somewhat limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2025-0055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T16:14:47Z","timestamp":1762532087000},"page":"269-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of osteopathic manipulative medicine in cerebral palsy: bridging treatment gaps and enhancing care"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Ambrose Loc","family":"Ngo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine , Kansas City University , Joplin , MO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niki","family":"Gharavi Alkhansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine , Kansas City University , Joplin , MO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachana","family":"Tadakamalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine , Kansas City University , Joplin , MO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercede","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine , Kansas City University , Joplin , MO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uyen Tam","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine , Kansas City University , Joplin , MO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Yazji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine , Kansas City University , Joplin , MO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine , Kansas City University , Kansas City , MO , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_001","unstructured":"Hallman-Cooper, JL, Rocha, CF. Cerebral palsy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538147\/ [Accessed 24 Feb 2024]."},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trabacca, A, Vespino, T, Di Liddo, A, Russo, L. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for patients with cerebral palsy: improving long-term care. J\u00a0Multidiscip Healthc 2016;9:455\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S88782.","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S88782"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babcock, MA, Kostova, FV, Ferriero, DM, Johnston, MV, Brunstrom, JE, Hagberg, H, et al.. Injury to the preterm brain and cerebral palsy: clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, unanswered questions, and future research directions. J\u00a0Child Neurol 2009;24:1064\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073809338957.","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809338957"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marret, S, Lavelanet, A, Soni, S. Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy. In: Handbook of clinical neurology. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2013, 111:169\u201376 pp.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52891-9.00016-6"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_005","unstructured":"Abraham, C, Sloan, SNB, Coker, C, Freed, B, McAuliffe, M, Nielsen, H, et al.. Osteopathic manipulative treatment as an intervention to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression in first responders: a pilot study. Mo Med 2021;118:435\u201341."},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, A, Harris, K, Outen, B, Bukvic, A, Smith, B, Schultz, A, et al.. Osteopathic manipulative medicine: a brief review of the hands-on treatment approaches and their therapeutic uses. Medicines (Basel) 2022;9:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines9050033.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines9050033"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_007","unstructured":"Seffinger, MA, Hruby, R, Willard, FH. Osteopathic principles and practice: a comprehensive guide, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018."},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagagiolo, D, Rosa, D, Borrelli, F. Efficacy and safety of osteopathic manipulative treatment: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2022;12:e053468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053468.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053468"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_009","unstructured":"Flodine, TE, Thomas, M. Osteopathic manipulative treatment: inhaled rib dysfunction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK560751\/ [Accessed 8 Aug 2023]."},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_010","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (NIH). Cerebral palsy. https:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/health-information\/disorders\/cerebral-palsy#:\u223c:text=The%20muscles%20and%20limbs%20affected,and%20bone%20enlargement%20(osteoporosis) [Accessed 5 March 2025]."},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, HK, Rosenbaum, P, Paneth, N, Dan, B, Lin, JP, Damiano, DL, et al.. Cerebral palsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016;2:15082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.82.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.82"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paton, MCB, Finch-Edmondson, M, Dale, RC, Fahey, MC, Nold-Petry, CA, Nold, MF, et al.. Persistent inflammation in cerebral palsy: pathogenic mediator or comorbidity? A scoping review. J\u00a0Clin Med 2022;11:7368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11247368.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247368"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, DR, Neelakantan, M, Pandher, K, Merrick, J. Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview. Transl Pediatr 2020;9:S125\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tp.2020.01.01.","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2020.01.01"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korzeniewski, SJ, Slaughter, J, Lenski, M, Haak, P, Paneth, N. The complex aetiology of cerebral palsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2018;14:528\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-018-0043-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0043-6"},{"key":"2026052012585131754_j_jom-2025-0055_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacLennan, AH, Blair, E, Gibson, CS. 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