{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:50:47Z","timestamp":1791291047957,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eagle syndrome is a rare condition characterized by an elongated cranial styloid process (\u226530.00\u202fmm), leading to pain and dysfunction in the surrounding anatomy. Current treatment options include styloidectomy, analgesics, corticosteroids, and antidepressants. The fascial distortion model (FDM), a newer osteopathic approach, offers a different perspective on treating Eagle syndrome. This case study examines the use of the FDM to manage Eagle syndrome by treating the cranial styloid elongation as a continuum distortion (CD). A 27-year-old female with a 3-year history of left-sided facial pain and associated symptoms underwent FDM treatment to the cranial styloid tip, performed bi-weekly for 5\u00a0weeks. Ultrasonographic measurements of the cranial styloids were taken at weeks 1 and 5, along with somatic dysfunction assessments. Results demonstrated a reduction in sonographically measured cranial styloid length, increased tissue mobility, and symptom relief. True osseous shortening, resorption, or fracture could not be confirmed because posttreatment computed tomography (CT) was not obtained. This case report suggests the FDM may serve as a viable conservative treatment for Eagle syndrome, offering an alternative to invasive or pharmacological interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2025-0125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:55:38Z","timestamp":1791287738000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eagle syndrome treated with the fascial distortion model"],"prefix":"10.1515","author":[{"given":"Yazmin","family":"Gamble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine at Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences , Yakima , WA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8116-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Kincheloe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Osteopathic Practices and Principles, Department of Family Medicine and Osteopathic Practices and Principles , Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, 200 University Parkway , Yakima , WA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simulation Department , Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences , Yakima , WA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_001","unstructured":"Capistrant, T, Pentzer, T, Pelletier, J. Fascial distortion model. In: Kuchera, WA, Heinking, KP, Giusti, RE, Hensel, KL, editors. Foundations of osteopathic medicine: philosophy, science, clinical applications, and research, 5e. Wolters Kluwer; 2026 https:\/\/osteopathicmedicine.lwwhealthlibrary.com\/content.aspx?sectionid=261507847&bookid=3456 [Accessed 21 May 2026]."},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_002","unstructured":"Typaldos, S Introduction to the fascial distortion model. AAOJ. 1995;5:14\u201318."},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_003","unstructured":"Richter, D, Karst, M, Buhck, H, Fink, MG. Efficacy of fascial distortion model treatment for acute, nonspecific low-back pain in primary care: a prospective controlled trial. Altern Ther Health Med 2017;23:AT5522."},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taneja, S, Chand, S, Dhar, S. Stylalgia and styloidectomy: a review. J\u00a0Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023;22:60\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12663-022-01720-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-022-01720-7"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinmann, EP. A new light on the pathogenesis of the styloid syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1970;91:171\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archotol.1970.00770040241013.","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1970.00770040241013"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langlais, RP, Miles, DA, Van Dis, ML. Elongated and mineralized stylohyoid ligament complex: a proposed classification and report of a case of Eagle\u2019s syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986;61:527\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0030-4220(86)90400-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(86)90400-7"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi, A, Kouhi, A. Management of eagle syndrome. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023;31:276\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000903.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000903"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badhey, A, Jategaonkar, A, Anglin Kovacs, AJ, Kadakia, S, De Deyn, PP, Ducic, Y, et al.. Eagle syndrome: a comprehensive review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017;159:34\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.04.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2017.04.021"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zang, Y, Chen, S, Zang, G, Hu, M, Xu, Q, Feng, Z, et al.. The anatomic basis for ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of styloid process\u2013related diseases. Ann Transl Med 2020;8:1666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm-20-7781.","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-7781"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_010","unstructured":"Dua, A, Mohseni, M. Eagle syndrome. StatPearls [Internet]; 2026. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430789\/."},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thoenissen, P, Bittermann, G, Schmelzeisen, R, Oshima, T, Fretwurst, T. Eagle\u2019s syndrome\u2014a non-perceived differential diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder. Int J Surg Case Rep 2015;15:123\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2015.08.036.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2015.08.036"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsoghier, A. Elongated styloid syndrome mimicking temporomandibular joint disorders: a case report and short literature review. JKAOMS 2023;49:157\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5125\/jkaoms.2023.49.3.157.","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2023.49.3.157"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gen\u00e7osmano\u011flu, H, Y\u0131lmaz, E, Co\u015fkun, G. Effects of manual therapy versus Pilates-based core stability training in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a randomized controlled multicenter pilot study. Cranio 2026;44:1030\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08869634.2026.2636088.","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2026.2636088"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thalhamer, C. A fundamental critique of the fascial distortion model and its application in clinical practice. J\u00a0Bodyw Mov Ther 2018;22:112\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2017.07.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2017.07.009"},{"key":"2026100611553087503_j_jom-2025-0125_ref_016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thalhamer, C. Kritische Betrachtung des Fasziendistorsionsmodells. Manuel Ther 2019;23:81\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0882-7098.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0882-7098"}],"container-title":["Journal of Osteopathic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2025-0125\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2025-0125\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:55:41Z","timestamp":1791287741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyterbrill.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jom-2025-0125\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jom-2025-0125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jom-2025-0125","relation":{},"ISSN":["2702-3648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2702-3648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]}}}