{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:05:59Z","timestamp":1789974359050,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0253_abs_001\">\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intractable hiccups is a rare medical condition defined as daily hiccups continuing for more than 30\u202fdays and is recognized by the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) and NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center. Hiccups are spasmodic contractions of the respiratory muscles, triggered by activation of the hiccup reflex arc. Intractable hiccups can occur if this arc is chronically or aberrantly activated. The hiccup reflex arc has three components: (1) afferent pathways involving the phrenic, sympathetic, and vagal nerves; (2) central processing centers within the central nervous system; and (3) efferent fibers, including the phrenic nerve, vagal branches, and intercostal nerves. Previously published case reports have reported robust improvements to intractable hiccup disease severity after osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) for related areas of somatic dysfunction, with one achieving complete remission. However, no structured studies have evaluated this approach to\u00a0date.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0253_abs_002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this case series is to determine whether one session of OMT can reduce the severity of intractable hiccups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0253_abs_003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five participants aged 18 and older with intractable hiccups were recruited through physician offices, online postings, and flyers placed on and around the Michigan State University (MSU) campus over a 2-year study period. Following eligibility screening, participants recorded their daily hiccup frequency and associated symptoms for 7\u202fdays before and after OMT. Each participant received one OMT session after a comprehensive medical history and osteopathic musculoskeletal examination. Identified somatic dysfunctions were treated utilizing appropriate OMT techniques. Muscle energy, counterstrain, and Still Techniques were utilized most frequently. High-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) methods were not employed in this study. All treatments were performed by an experienced osteopathic physician at the university-associated osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) clinic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0253_abs_004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across the participants, we observed common patterns of somatic dysfunction in the cervical spine (C1 and C5), thoracic regions, and the abdominal diaphragm. After OMT, patients experienced clinically meaningful and statistically significant reductions in hiccup frequency. The average number of daily hiccups decreased from 16.37 to 5.66, representing a 65.4\u202f% reduction after intervention (paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test, p=0.018). In addition, three out of the five participants experienced statistically significant reductions in their mean number of daily hiccups after treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test, p&lt;0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"j_jom-2025-0253_abs_005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case series is the first structured investigation into the use of OMT for intractable hiccups. The findings strongly suggest that OMT can be an effective option for reducing the disease burden of intractable hiccups through the treatment of related areas of somatic dysfunction. Our results also support a plausible mechanistic basis for OMT\u2019s effectiveness, because somatic dysfunctions were consistently found along the hiccup reflex arc. Finally, the study raises the possibility that the prevalence of intractable hiccups is underrecognized and may represent a clinical domain in which osteopathic care provides distinct advantages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2025-0253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:32:33Z","timestamp":1777041153000},"page":"507-514","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the efficacy of osteopathic manipulative treatment for intractable hiccups: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9917-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek E.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Jamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7819-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalyn R.","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"},{"name":"Corewell Health Hospital, Internal Medicine Residency Program , Farmington Hills , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Tepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"},{"name":"Stamford Health , General Surgery Residency Program , Stamford , CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan M.","family":"Poland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Kempa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"},{"name":"Corewell Health , Internal Medicine Residency Program , Grand Rapids , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canyon","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"},{"name":"Henry Ford St. John, Emergency Medicine Residency Program , Detroit , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"},{"name":"Riley Hospital for Children, Pediatrics Residency Program , Indianapolis , IN , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Shahbain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makenzie A.","family":"Kamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack R.","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine , College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA"},{"name":"MSU Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Clinical Research , East Lansing , MI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6737-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u2019Aimee","family":"Lippert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , 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