{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:30:43Z","timestamp":1777451443571,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a major problem among children with short stature. In this study, the role of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in defining the underlying defects among short children with GHD is evaluated.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In a cross-sectional study, data of 158 children were evaluated. Growth hormone (GH) levels were measured using stimulating tests and brain MRI with gadolinium contrast was applied, as well.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Some 25.3% of patients had GHD with a mean age of 8.01\u00b13.40 years. MRI results showed 35 as normal, four with pituitary hypoplasia, and one with microadenoma. The MRI results were significantly associated with GH levels and presence of other endocrine disorders. There was a significant association between prenatal disorders and patients\u2019 bone age delay.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In patients with severe GHD and patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, MRI is more likely to be abnormal, and bone age is much delayed in patients with history of prenatal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2013-0294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]],"date-time":"2014-08-13T21:10:05Z","timestamp":1407964205000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of growth hormone deficiency on brain MRI findings among children with growth restrictions"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Fariba","family":"Naderi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samira Rajabi","family":"Eslami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohrab Afshari","family":"Mirak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jalaladin","family":"Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Beyrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Shekarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Poureisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref171","first-page":"55","article-title":"Do short children secrete insufficient growth hormone","author":"Zadik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref561","first-page":"156","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone therapy on height in children with idiopathic short stature : a meta - analysis Arch","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"125","article-title":"Utah growth study : growth standards and the prevalence of growth hormone deficiency","author":"Lindsay","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref731","first-page":"73","article-title":"resonance imaging and pituitary function in children with panhypopituitarism","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magnetic Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref471","first-page":"120","article-title":"resonance imaging in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency","author":"Argyropoulou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Magnetic J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"120","article-title":"resonance imaging in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency","author":"Argyropoulou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Magnetic J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref671","first-page":"216","article-title":"Imaging of the pituitary recent advances","volume":"15","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.234","article-title":"bone new discoveries from mouse models","volume":"25","author":"Yakar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2349-7","article-title":"retrospective review of pituitary MRI findings in children on growth hormone therapy","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1159\/000350829","article-title":"Associations between pituitary imaging abnormalities and clinical and biochemical phenotypes in children with congenital growth hormone deficiency : data from an international observational study","author":"Deal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(21)00611-2","article-title":"MB mellitus pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Landon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Obstet Gynecol Clin Am"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"156","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone therapy on height in children with idiopathic short stature : a meta - analysis Arch","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref421","first-page":"203","article-title":"Quality of life and growth hormone deficiency in adult patients in clinical evaluation and health economic assessment","volume":"15","author":"Koltowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"340","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature Genentech Collaborative Group","author":"Hintz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref201","first-page":"427","article-title":"Prevalence of severe growth hormone deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Vimpani","year":"1977","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref401","article-title":"textbook of th ed Philadelphia xix","volume":"11","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"endocrinology"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"87","article-title":"KB The volume of the sella turcica","author":"Di Chiro","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Med"},{"key":"ref661","first-page":"370","article-title":"Birth data for patients who later develop growth hormone deficiency : preliminary analysis of a national register The Executive Scientific Committee of the Kabi International Growth Study and the Swedish Paediatric Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Albertsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"78","article-title":"Quality of life in children and adolescents with growth hormone deficiency : association with growth hormone treatment","author":"Geisler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref531","first-page":"8","article-title":"Selecting short - statured children needing growth hormone testing : derivation and validation of a clinical decision rule","author":"Duche","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref751","first-page":"999","article-title":"Etiology of congenital growth hormone deficiency","volume":"21","author":"Kucharczyk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in growth hormone deficient adults : a meta - analysis","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref261","first-page":"370","article-title":"Birth data for patients who later develop growth hormone deficiency : preliminary analysis of a national register The Executive Scientific Committee of the Kabi International Growth Study and the Swedish Paediatric Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Albertsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.52.3.197","article-title":"Aetiology of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in England","author":"Rona","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"ref451","first-page":"4","article-title":"AD Clinical and humanistic aspects of growth hormone deficiency and growth - 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pituitary region in the management of short children with growth hormone deficiency : evidence from a longitudinal study Nerv","volume":"28","author":"Kalina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"8","article-title":"Selecting short - statured children needing growth hormone testing : derivation and validation of a clinical decision rule","author":"Duche","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref01","article-title":"textbook of th ed Philadelphia xix","volume":"11","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"endocrinology"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.52.3.197","article-title":"Aetiology of idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in England","author":"Rona","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"203","article-title":"Quality of life and growth hormone deficiency in adult patients in clinical evaluation and health economic assessment","volume":"15","author":"Koltowska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref711","first-page":"149","article-title":"di De Growth hormone deficiency in children : role of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing aetiopathogenesis and prognosis in idiopathic hypopituitarism","author":"Pellini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref151","first-page":"340","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature Genentech Collaborative Group","author":"Hintz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.234","article-title":"bone new discoveries from mouse models","volume":"25","author":"Yakar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref361","first-page":"157","article-title":"DA Influence of pre - eclampsia on fetal growth Fetal Neonatal","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref181","first-page":"89","article-title":"Causes of short stature in children in relation to their midparental height","volume":"16","author":"Majcher","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(21)00611-2","article-title":"MB mellitus pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Landon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes Obstet Gynecol Clin Am"},{"key":"ref761","first-page":"157","article-title":"DA Influence of pre - eclampsia on fetal growth Fetal Neonatal","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"149","article-title":"di De Growth hormone deficiency in children : role of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing aetiopathogenesis and prognosis in idiopathic hypopituitarism","author":"Pellini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref631","first-page":"3064","article-title":"Sas de Growth hormone treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age year results of a randomized double - blind dose - response trial","author":"Waal","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.4.3.180","article-title":"The prevalence of growth hormone deficiency and celiac disease in short children","author":"Giovenale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref411","first-page":"78","article-title":"Quality of life in children and adolescents with growth hormone deficiency : association with growth hormone treatment","author":"Geisler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1159\/000350829","article-title":"Associations between pituitary imaging abnormalities and clinical and biochemical phenotypes in children with congenital growth hormone deficiency : data from an international observational study","author":"Deal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref691","first-page":"147","article-title":"BH MB Isolated deficiency type II : imaging of the pituitary gland by magnetic resonance reveals characteristic differences in comparison with severe IGHD of unknown origin","author":"Binder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref301","first-page":"101","article-title":"di Evidence of a congenital midline brain anomaly in pituitary dwarfs : a magnetic resonance imaging study in patients","volume":"16","author":"Triulzi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90063-2","article-title":"ES Chronic maternal hypoxia retards fetal growth and increases glucose utilization of select fetal tissues in the rat","author":"Lueder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90063-2","article-title":"ES Chronic maternal hypoxia retards fetal growth and increases glucose utilization of select fetal tissues in the rat","author":"Lueder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref441","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in growth hormone deficient adults : a meta - analysis","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"125","article-title":"Utah growth study : growth standards and the prevalence of growth hormone deficiency","author":"Lindsay","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"121","article-title":"Usefulness of magnetic resonance findings of the hypothalamic - pituitary region in the management of short children with growth hormone deficiency : evidence from a longitudinal study Nerv","volume":"28","author":"Kalina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"735","article-title":"Herber Aetiology of growth hormone deficiency","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"999","article-title":"Etiology of congenital growth hormone deficiency","volume":"21","author":"Kucharczyk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref281","first-page":"15","article-title":"Ranke MB resonance imaging of in children with deficiency in","author":"Maghnie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magnetic International Growth Database Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"147","article-title":"BH MB Isolated deficiency type II : imaging of the pituitary gland by magnetic resonance reveals characteristic differences in comparison with severe IGHD of unknown origin","author":"Binder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref601","first-page":"427","article-title":"Prevalence of severe growth hormone deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Vimpani","year":"1977","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"735","article-title":"Herber Aetiology of growth hormone deficiency","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"258","article-title":"Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in the morphologically normal pituitary gland is associated with perfusion delay","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000353429","article-title":"AD Prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency treated for four years with growth hormone experience dose - dependent increase in height but not in the rate of puberty initiation","author":"Rogol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"216","article-title":"Imaging of the pituitary recent advances","volume":"15","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref701","first-page":"101","article-title":"di Evidence of a congenital midline brain anomaly in pituitary dwarfs : a magnetic resonance imaging study in patients","volume":"16","author":"Triulzi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"73","article-title":"resonance imaging and pituitary function in children with panhypopituitarism","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magnetic Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref521","first-page":"258","article-title":"Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency in the morphologically normal pituitary gland is associated with perfusion delay","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"4","article-title":"AD Clinical and humanistic aspects of growth hormone deficiency and growth - related disorders","volume":"17","author":"Rogol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.4.3.180","article-title":"The prevalence of growth hormone deficiency and celiac disease in short children","author":"Giovenale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"312","article-title":"Normal development of the pituitary gland : assessment with three - dimensional MR volumetry","volume":"20","author":"Takano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref231","first-page":"3064","article-title":"Sas de Growth hormone treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age year results of a randomized double - blind dose - response trial","author":"Waal","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000353429","article-title":"AD Prepubertal children with growth hormone deficiency treated for four years with growth hormone experience dose - 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