{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:16:32Z","timestamp":1793128592831,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"9-10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a generic definition including any problem noted at birth where the genitalia are atypical in relation to the chromosomes or gonads. The most important clinical problems in DSD comprise physical and psychological disturbances and the risk of gonadal tumor development. Germ cell tumor risk is lowest (&lt;5%) in patients with defects in androgene action or synthesis (such as complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, 5\u03b1-reductase deficiency), whereas the highest risk (15%\u201360%) is observed in 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. The presence of Y chromosomal material in the karyotype increases the risk for the development of gonadal tumors. The reported age of tumor development varies based on the etiology of DSD (gonadal dysgenesis, androgen insensitivity syndrome, androgen synthesis defects, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, etc.). In the past, early gonadectomy was recommended for all cases of 46,XY DSD, however, according to current approaches, gonadal tumor risk is predicted based on the molecular diagnosis and the timing of the gonadectomy depends on the result of molecular analysis. Until now, optimal protocol in the management of DSD is still controversial. In addition to that, safe and well-accepted guidelines are needed. There is limited number of prospective studies on timing of a gonadectomy in childhood and adolescence. Therefore, evidence-based data on timing and indications of gonadectomy in patients with DSD are needed. In this review, recent data regarding gonadal malignancy risk in DSD and recommendations on timing of gonadectomy are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2014-0522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]],"date-time":"2015-04-16T13:35:05Z","timestamp":1429191305000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Gonadal malignancy risk and prophylactic gonadectomy in disorders of sexual development"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ayhan","family":"Abac\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6n\u00fcl","family":"\u00c7atl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merih","family":"Berbero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195305)6:3<455::AID-CNCR2820060303>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"RE a gonadal tumor related to the dysgerminoma seminoma and capable of sex - hormone production","author":"Scully","year":"1953","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref851","first-page":"191","article-title":"MS Abnormal sexual differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Verp","year":"1987","journal-title":"neoplasia Cancer Genet"},{"key":"ref221","first-page":"124","article-title":"The age of occurrence of gonadal tumors in intersex patients with a chromosome","author":"Manuel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.009","article-title":"de de AT Complete gonadal dysgenesis in clinical practice the karyotype accounts for more than one third of cases","author":"Rocha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.275065172","article-title":"US MR imaging correlation in pathologic conditions of the scrotum","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.05.001","article-title":"Cools Drop Tumor risk in disorders of sex development","volume":"21","author":"Looijenga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19991210)83:6<815::AID-IJC21>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"KP Carcinoma in situ of the testis of biological and clinical features","volume":"22","author":"Dieckmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"review Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref1061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19991210)83:6<815::AID-IJC21>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"KP Carcinoma in situ of the testis of biological and clinical features","volume":"22","author":"Dieckmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"review Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(82)80292-X","article-title":"Dysgenesis of testicular and streak gonads in the syndrome of mixed gonadal dysgenesis : perspective derived from a clinicopathologic analysis of twenty - one cases","volume":"13","author":"Robboy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2011.04.009","article-title":"mosaicisme report of five cases and clinical","author":"Moussaif","year":"2011","journal-title":"review Ann Endocrinol Paris"},{"key":"ref701","first-page":"350","article-title":"Sex determination differentiation","author":"MacLaughlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0409","article-title":"PC Early presentation of bilateral gonadoblastomas in a Denys - Drash syndrome patient : a cautionary tale for prophylactic gonadectomy","volume":"26","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref751","first-page":"365","article-title":"Disorders of sexual differantiation In editor Pediatric endocrinology New York Healthcare","author":"Carillo","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref341","first-page":"713","article-title":"Ovarian function and in vitro fertilization in syndrome","author":"Hovatta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev"},{"key":"ref931","first-page":"707","article-title":"The clinical spectrum and treatment of ovotesticular disorder of sexual development","author":"Wiersma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref841","article-title":"Cools pathology and tumor risk in relation to clinical characteristics in patients with mosaicism","volume":"45","author":"Pleskacova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1159\/000315961","article-title":"GI in disorders of sex differentiation","author":"Bertelloni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone health Sex Dev"},{"key":"ref01","first-page":"554","article-title":"Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000318004","article-title":"New Ten The clinical and molecular heterogeneity of beta enzyme deficiency","volume":"17","author":"George","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref901","first-page":"130","article-title":"chromosome markers in syndrome of patients","author":"Sallai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Screening J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref741","first-page":"110","article-title":"Patients with disorders of sex development at risk of gonadal tumour development : management based on laparoscopic biopsy and molecular diagnosis","author":"Wunsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.009","article-title":"de de AT Complete gonadal dysgenesis in clinical practice the karyotype accounts for more than one third of cases","author":"Rocha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1388","article-title":"mosaicism phenotypic characteristics growth and reproductive function a retrospective longitudinal study","author":"Lindhardt Johansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref1021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.275065172","article-title":"US MR imaging correlation in pathologic conditions of the scrotum","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348838","article-title":"Bilateral gonadoblastoma in a month - old infant with gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"16","author":"Dumic","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref371","first-page":"135","article-title":"Gonadoblastoma in turner syndrome chromosome - derived material","author":"Mazzanti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref1071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmk006","article-title":"Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ : genetic and environmental aspects","volume":"12","author":"Rajpert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(88)80738-3","article-title":"in indications for early gonadectomy in gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"23","author":"Olsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"infancy J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"365","article-title":"Disorders of sexual differantiation In editor Pediatric endocrinology New York Healthcare","author":"Carillo","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1388","article-title":"mosaicism phenotypic characteristics growth and reproductive function a retrospective longitudinal study","author":"Lindhardt Johansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"185","article-title":"Cools KP Managing the risk of germ cell tumourigenesis in disorders of sex development patients","volume":"27","author":"Looijenga","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref431","first-page":"450","article-title":"novel point mutation in causing combined alpha - hydroxylase lyase deficiency","volume":"17","author":"Brooke","year":"2006","journal-title":"AM J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref691","article-title":"State of the art review in gonadal dysgenesis : challenges in diagnosis and management","author":"McCann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref1011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.00997.x","article-title":"The predictive value of testicular ultrasound abnormalities for carcinoma in situ of the testis in men at risk for testicular cancer","author":"Elzinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"ref991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1159\/000315961","article-title":"GI in disorders of sex differentiation","author":"Bertelloni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone health Sex Dev"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348838","article-title":"Bilateral gonadoblastoma in a month - old infant with gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"16","author":"Dumic","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"159","article-title":"Comparison of bone mineral density and body proportions between women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and women with gonadal dysgenesis","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref551","first-page":"127","article-title":"PA Ambiguous genitalia In editor Pediatric endocrinology Philadelphia","author":"Witchel","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref491","first-page":"268","article-title":"Evaluation of retained testes in adolescent girls and women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome","author":"Nakhal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref541","first-page":"554","article-title":"Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01152.x","article-title":"KP Testicular biopsy for early cancer detection objectives technique controversies","author":"Dieckmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"ref321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2011.04.009","article-title":"mosaicisme report of five cases and clinical","author":"Moussaif","year":"2011","journal-title":"review Ann Endocrinol Paris"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000314536","article-title":"Tumor risk in disorders of sex development","author":"Pleskacova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0409","article-title":"PC Early presentation of bilateral gonadoblastomas in a Denys - Drash syndrome patient : a cautionary tale for prophylactic gonadectomy","volume":"26","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref411","first-page":"380","article-title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref1051","first-page":"288","article-title":"Testicular carcinoma in situ in children with the androgen insensitivity ( testicular feminisation syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Muller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med Clin Res"},{"key":"ref201","first-page":"110","article-title":"Patients with disorders of sex development at risk of gonadal tumour development : management based on laparoscopic biopsy and molecular diagnosis","author":"Wunsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mop.0000193316.60580.d7","article-title":"ME genetic anomalies with malignant potential","volume":"18","author":"Fallat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"ref951","first-page":"380","article-title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(94)90251-8","article-title":"tumors in disorders of sexual differentiation","author":"Gourlay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmk006","article-title":"Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ : genetic and environmental aspects","volume":"12","author":"Rajpert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref151","article-title":"State of the art review in gonadal dysgenesis : challenges in diagnosis and management","author":"McCann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref671","first-page":"115","article-title":"syndrome presentation outcomes","author":"Michala","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref881","first-page":"713","article-title":"Ovarian function and in vitro fertilization in syndrome","author":"Hovatta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev"},{"key":"ref561","first-page":"114","article-title":"of partial gonadal dysgenesis revisited","author":"Crone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Management Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000314536","article-title":"Tumor risk in disorders of sex development","author":"Pleskacova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0005","article-title":"Cools Drop Wolffenbuttel KP Oosterhuis Looijenga Germ cell tumors in the intersex gonad : old paths new directions moving","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"frontiers Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref981","first-page":"159","article-title":"Comparison of bone mineral density and body proportions between women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and women with gonadal dysgenesis","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref391","first-page":"707","article-title":"The clinical spectrum and treatment of ovotesticular disorder of sexual development","author":"Wiersma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(94)90251-8","article-title":"tumors in disorders of sexual differentiation","author":"Gourlay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref711","article-title":"Consensus in guidelines for evaluation of DSD by the texas children s hospital multidisciplinary gender medicine team","author":"Douglas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref621","first-page":"291","article-title":"de BH Drop Oosterhuis New insights into type II germ cell tumor pathogenesis based on studies of patients with various forms of disorders of sex development","author":"Hersmus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref241","first-page":"166","article-title":"de Impaired puberty fertility and final stature in mixed gonadal dysgenetic patients raised as boys","volume":"45","author":"Martinerie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref1041","first-page":"106","article-title":"Carcinoma in situ of the testis in children with gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"45","author":"Muller","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0005","article-title":"Cools Drop Wolffenbuttel KP Oosterhuis Looijenga Germ cell tumors in the intersex gonad : old paths new directions moving","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"frontiers Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref831","first-page":"29","article-title":"Bilateral seminomas in a mosaic with phenotype an unusual case of mixed gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"45","author":"Kriplani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref501","first-page":"106","article-title":"Carcinoma in situ of the testis in children with gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"45","author":"Muller","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref171","article-title":"Consensus in guidelines for evaluation of DSD by the texas children s hospital multidisciplinary gender medicine team","author":"Douglas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref891","first-page":"610","article-title":"syndrome In editor Pediatric Philadelphia","author":"Saenger","year":"2008","journal-title":"endocrinology"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"350","article-title":"WG Discordant sexual identity in some genetic males with cloacal exstrophy assigned to female sex at birth","author":"Reiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.705378","article-title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Mendoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref731","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(88)80738-3","article-title":"in indications for early gonadectomy in gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"23","author":"Olsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"infancy J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"191","article-title":"MS Abnormal sexual differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Verp","year":"1987","journal-title":"neoplasia Cancer Genet"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(195305)6:3<455::AID-CNCR2820060303>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"RE a gonadal tumor related to the dysgerminoma seminoma and capable of sex - hormone production","author":"Scully","year":"1953","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref761","first-page":"124","article-title":"The age of occurrence of gonadal tumors in intersex patients with a chromosome","author":"Manuel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00607.x","article-title":"- chromosome identification by PCR and gonadal histopathology in Turner s syndrome without overt mosaicism","volume":"50","author":"Mendes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"288","article-title":"Testicular carcinoma in situ in children with the androgen insensitivity ( testicular feminisation syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Muller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med Clin Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.05.001","article-title":"Cools Drop Tumor risk in disorders of sex development","volume":"21","author":"Looijenga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"114","article-title":"of partial gonadal dysgenesis revisited","author":"Crone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Management Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.705378","article-title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Mendoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00607.x","article-title":"- chromosome identification by PCR and gonadal histopathology in Turner s syndrome without overt mosaicism","volume":"50","author":"Mendes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"127","article-title":"PA Ambiguous genitalia In editor Pediatric endocrinology Philadelphia","author":"Witchel","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref581","first-page":"350","article-title":"WG Discordant sexual identity in some genetic males with cloacal exstrophy assigned to female sex at birth","author":"Reiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"167","article-title":"Cools Drop development and tumor formation at the crossroads of male and female sex determination","author":"Wolffenbuttel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"ref961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1159\/000318004","article-title":"New Ten The clinical and molecular heterogeneity of beta enzyme deficiency","volume":"17","author":"George","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mop.0000193316.60580.d7","article-title":"ME genetic anomalies with malignant potential","volume":"18","author":"Fallat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"ref781","first-page":"166","article-title":"de Impaired puberty fertility and final stature in mixed gonadal dysgenetic patients raised as boys","volume":"45","author":"Martinerie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"115","article-title":"syndrome presentation outcomes","author":"Michala","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref1031","first-page":"268","article-title":"Evaluation of retained testes in adolescent girls and women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome","author":"Nakhal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(82)80292-X","article-title":"Dysgenesis of testicular and streak gonads in the syndrome of mixed gonadal dysgenesis : perspective derived from a clinicopathologic analysis of twenty - one cases","volume":"13","author":"Robboy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"29","article-title":"Bilateral seminomas in a mosaic with phenotype an unusual case of mixed gonadal dysgenesis","volume":"45","author":"Kriplani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"291","article-title":"de BH Drop Oosterhuis New insights into type II germ cell tumor pathogenesis based on studies of patients with various forms of disorders of sex development","author":"Hersmus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref911","first-page":"135","article-title":"Gonadoblastoma in turner syndrome chromosome - derived material","author":"Mazzanti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref161","first-page":"350","article-title":"Sex determination differentiation","author":"MacLaughlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref361","first-page":"130","article-title":"chromosome markers in syndrome of patients","author":"Sallai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Screening J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref351","first-page":"610","article-title":"syndrome In editor Pediatric Philadelphia","author":"Saenger","year":"2008","journal-title":"endocrinology"},{"key":"ref301","article-title":"Cools pathology and tumor risk in relation to clinical characteristics in patients with mosaicism","volume":"45","author":"Pleskacova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref611","first-page":"167","article-title":"Cools Drop development and tumor formation at the crossroads of male and female sex determination","author":"Wolffenbuttel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Dev"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.00997.x","article-title":"The predictive value of testicular ultrasound abnormalities for carcinoma in situ of the testis in men at risk for testicular cancer","author":"Elzinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"ref971","first-page":"450","article-title":"novel point mutation in causing combined alpha - hydroxylase lyase deficiency","volume":"17","author":"Brooke","year":"2006","journal-title":"AM J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01152.x","article-title":"KP Testicular biopsy for early cancer detection objectives technique controversies","author":"Dieckmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"ref681","first-page":"185","article-title":"Cools KP Managing the risk of germ cell tumourigenesis in disorders of sex development patients","volume":"27","author":"Looijenga","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2014-0522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T12:33:07Z","timestamp":1717849987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2014-0522\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9-10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2014-0522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0251","0334-018X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-0251","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0334-018X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}}}