{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:24:53Z","timestamp":1785558293790,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pituitary gigantism (PG) is a rare pediatric disease with poorly defined long-term outcomes. Our aim is to describe the longitudinal clinical course in PG patients using a single-center, retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Patients younger than 19 years diagnosed with PG were identified. Thirteen cases were confirmed based on histopathology of a GH secreting adenoma or hyperplasia and a height &gt;2 SD for age and gender. Laboratory studies, initial pathology, and imaging were abstracted.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Average age at diagnosis was 13 years with an average initial tumor size of 7.4\u00d73.8 mm. Initial transsphenoidal surgery was curative in 3\/12 patients. Four of the nine patients who failed the initial surgery required a repeat procedure. Octreotide successfully normalized GH levels in 1\/6 patients with disease refractory to surgery (1\/6). Two out of five patients received pegvisomant after failing octreotide but only one patient responded to treatment. Five patients were ultimately treated with radiosurgery or radiation patients were followed for an average of 10 years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>PG is difficult to treat. In most patients, the initial transsphenoidal surgery failed to normalize GH levels. If the initial surgery was unsuccessful, repeat surgery was unlikely to control GH secretion. Treatment with octreotide or pegvisomant was successful in less than half the patients failing surgery. Radiosurgery was curative, but is not an optimal treatment for pediatric patients. Despite the small sample, our study suggests that the treatment outcome of pediatric PG may be different than adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2015-0269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T14:05:33Z","timestamp":1455717933000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pituitary gigantism: a retrospective case series"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Creo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida N.","family":"Lteif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347049","article-title":"Complete biochemical control and pituitary adenoma disappearance in a child with gigantism: efficacy of octreotide therapy","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2283","article-title":"Treatment of pituitary gigantism with the growth hormone receptor antagonist pegvisomant","volume":"93","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence","volume":"79","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2007.00953.x","article-title":"Differential expression of S100 protein subtypes in malignant melanoma and benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2007.00953.x","article-title":"Differential expression of S100 protein subtypes in malignant melanoma and benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"177","article-title":"Gigantism with pituitary macroadenoma: an unusual variant of McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"22","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026273509058","article-title":"The treatment of de novo acromegalic patients with octreotide-LAR: efficacy, tolerability and cardiovascular effects","volume":"6","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"182","article-title":"Five-year followup of a 13-year-old boy with pituitary adenoma causing gigantism-effect of octreotide therapy","volume":"61","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"ref311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01956","article-title":"Pegvisomant therapy in pituitary gigantism: successful treatment in a 12-year-old girl","volume":"153","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref211","first-page":"2363","article-title":"Gigantism and Acromegaly due to Xq26 Microduplications and GPR101 Mutation","volume":"317","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-956172","article-title":"Pegvisomant treatment in gigantism caused by a growth hormone-secreting giant pituitary adenoma","volume":"115","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347049","article-title":"Complete biochemical control and pituitary adenoma disappearance in a child with gigantism: efficacy of octreotide therapy","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"3839","article-title":"Gs-alpha mutation at codon 201 in pituitary adenoma causing gigantism in a 6-year old boy with McCune-Albright syndrome","volume":"81","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref261","first-page":"2475","article-title":"Long term follow-up of transsphenoidal surgery for the treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease in childhood","volume":"80","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.4.0590","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas with onset during puberty. 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