{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:45:16Z","timestamp":1781282716314,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risk of developing thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) in children and adolescents is similar or may be even slightly higher than in adults. The aim of this article is to review and summarize current knowledge regarding diagnostic and therapeutic measures in pediatric TAO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Content:<\/jats:title><jats:p>MEDLINE and EMBASE papers were searched using the terms \u2018pediatric Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy\u2019 \u2018pediatric Graves\u2019 orbitopathy\u2019, \u2018thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in childhood and adolescence\u2019 from the year 1970 to December 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Summary:<\/jats:title><jats:p>TAO usually accompanies hyperthyreosis in Graves\u2019 disease, but may also occur in patients with hypothyreosis due to chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto\u2019s disease) or in euthyroid patients. Current information regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment of TAO in children and adolescents is presented. The course of the disease is usually mild, eye disturbances often regress after restoring euthyroidism and a \u2018wait and see\u2019 policy is appropriate in the majority of patients. In rare cases, sight-threatening complications [dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) or corneal breakdown] may develop and immediate surgical intervention might become necessary.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outlook:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Close cooperation between pediatric endocrinologists and opthalmologists is extremely important to ensure best care and quality of life in patients with thyroid gland dysfunction. Further investigations on pathogenesis and course of TAO in children and adolescents should be performed for better management of this disease in this group of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2016-0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,28]],"date-time":"2016-09-28T10:14:32Z","timestamp":1475057672000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["An update on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7898-3498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Szczapa-Jagustyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gotz-Wi\u0119ckowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Koci\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"374","reference":[{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1824","article-title":"Smoking and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: A novel explanation of the biological link","volume":"92","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref1141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1804","article-title":"Potential utility of rituximab for Graves\u2019 orbitopathy","volume":"98","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2007.12.011","article-title":"Pediatric Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy: the pre- and postpubertal experience","volume":"12","year":"2008","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"ref711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.01.033","article-title":"Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy evolution studied by MRI during childhood and adolescence","volume":"144","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref941","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proptosis, visual acuity and refraction readings in children and teenagers with thyroid diseases","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref1051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0666","article-title":"European Group on Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). 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