{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:10:50Z","timestamp":1776114650445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2017-0059_s_999_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c15b1Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objectives were to describe the frequency of clinical presentation at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to estimate the prevalence of T1DM among children and adolescents in the AL-Baha region, Saudi Arabia, aiming for early diagnosis of T1DM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2017-0059_s_998_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c15b2Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The clinical and laboratory data of 471 children and adolescents who presented with T1DM and received medical care at an AL-Baha diabetic center during the period from 2007 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed based on the records.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2017-0059_s_997_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c15b3Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of T1DM in the AL-Baha region was 355 per 100,000 population in participants aged from 0 to 19 years. T1DM was more common among girls than boys (57.5% vs. 42.5%, respectively; p=0.3), and the female\/male ratio was 1.36 in favor of girls. Hyperglycemic symptoms were the most frequent symptoms at presentation [59.2% vs. 40.8% with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)], and 37% of them presented with loss of weight. Most of the ketoacidosis was mild to moderate (80.2%), while only 19.8% of children had the severe type and DKA was more common (55.2%) among females. The mean age at diagnosis of T1DM was 8.2\u00b13.5 years for all patients, and 8.3\u00b13.9 and 8.9\u00b13.6 years for boys and girls, respectively (p=0.06). Hyperglycemic symptoms were more common in spring (15.9%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"j_jpem-2017-0059_s_996_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1aab1c15b4Aa\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of type 1 diabetes in the AL-Baha region was 355 per 100,000 population, which is one of the highest reported prevalences in this age group. Hyperglycemic symptoms were the most encountered symptoms at the onset of the presentation of T1DM and this may help in early detection of diabetic symptoms by patients and physicians to avoid the more severe types of presentation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2017-0059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T10:01:16Z","timestamp":1518602476000},"page":"269-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Prevalence and clinical presentation at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents in AL-Baha region, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ahmed Hassan","family":"Al-Ghamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Department, AL-Baha College of Medicine , AL-Baha , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelhameed Ahmed","family":"Fureeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AL-Baha College of Medicine , P.O. Box. 1988 , AL-Baha , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , Phone: +966537348524, Fax: +966-17-7247272"},{"name":"Adult Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Department, Mansoura College of Medicine , Mansoura , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_001_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b1Aa","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. The IDF diabetes atlas, 5th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2011. http:\/\/www.idf.org\/idf-diabetes-atlas-fifth-edition. Accessed: 23 Apr 2013."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_002_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b2Aa","unstructured":"Demographic Survey 2016_General Authority for Statistics. https:\/\/stats.gov.sa."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_003_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b3Aa","unstructured":"Diabetes mellitus. Report of a WHO study group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1985;727:1\u2013113."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_004_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b4Aa","unstructured":"Needlman RD. Growth and development. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004:23\u201366."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_005_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b5Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig ME, Hattersley A, Donaghue K, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006\u20132007. Definition, epidemiology and classification. Pediatr Diabetes 2006;7:343\u201351.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2006.00216.x"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_006_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b6Aa","unstructured":"Al-Herbish AS, El-Mouzan MI, Al-Salloum AA, Al-Qurachi MM, Al-Omar AA. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes in Saudi Arabian children and adolescents. Saudi Med J 2008;29:1285\u20138."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_007_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b7Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Rubeaan K. National surveillance for type 1, type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among children and adolescents: a population-based study (SAUDI-DM). J Epidemiol Community Health 2015;69:1045\u201351.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205710"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_008_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b8Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habeb AM, Al-Magamsi MS, Halabi S, Eid IM, Shalaby S. High incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in Al-Madinah, North West Saudi Arabia (2004\u20132009). Pediatr Diabetes 2011;12:676\u201381.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00765.x"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_009_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2b9Aa","unstructured":"Abduljabbar MA, Aljubeh JM, Amalraj A, Cherian MP. Incidence trends of childhood type 1 diabetes in eastern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2010;31:413\u20138."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_010_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c10Aa","unstructured":"Lofs, Yang MH, Chang LY, Ou YC, Van YH. Clinical features of type 1 diabetic children at initial diagnosis. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2004;45:218\u201323."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_011_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c11Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usher-Smith JA, Thompson A, Walter FM. Variation between countries in the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis at first presentation of type 1 diabetes in children: a systematic review. Diabetologia 2012;55:2878\u201394.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2690-2"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_012_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c12Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Magamsi MS, Habib HS. Clinical presentation of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Al-Madina region of Saudi Arabia. Pediatr Diabetes 2004;5:95\u20138.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-543X.2004.00046.x"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_013_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c13Aa","unstructured":"Habib HS. Frequency and clinical characteristics of ketoacidosis at onset of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Northwest Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2005;26:1936\u20139."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_014_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c14Aa","unstructured":"Kulaylat NA, Narchi H. Clinical picture of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Pediatr Diabetes 2001;2:43\u20137."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_015_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c15Aa","unstructured":"Ting WH, Huang CY, Lo FS, Hung CM, Chan CJ, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents experience from a medical center. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 2007;48:119\u201324."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_016_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c16Aa","unstructured":"AlKhawari M, Shaltout A, Qabazard M, Abdella N, AlMoemen J, et al. Incidence and severity of ketoacidosis in childhood-onset diabetes in Kuwait. Kuwait Diabetes Study Group. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1997;35:123\u20138."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_017_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c17Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaltout AA, Channanath AM, Thanaraj TA, Omar D, Abdulrasoul M, et al. Ketoacidosis at first presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus among children: a study from Kuwait. Sci Rep 2016;6:27519.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27519"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_018_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c18Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed AM, Al-Maghamsi M, Al-Harbi AM, Eid IM, Baghdadi HH, et al. Reduced frequency and severity of ketoacidosis at diagnosis of childhood type 1 diabetes in Northwest Saudi Arabia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016;29:259\u201364.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2015-0077"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_019_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c19Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9vy-Marchal C, Patterson CC, Green A, EURODIAB ACE Study Group. Europe and Diabetes. Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type I diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Dibetes. Diabetologia 2001;44(Suppl 3): B75\u201380.","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00002958"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_020_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c20Aa","unstructured":"Oyarzabal Irigoyen M, Garc\u00eda Cuartero B, Barrio Castellanos R, Torres Lacruz M, G\u00f3mez Gila AL, et al. Ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatric age in Spain and review of the literature. Pediatr Endocrinol 2012;9:669\u201371."},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_021_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c21Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choleau C, Maitre J, Filipovic M, Elie C, Barat P, et al. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in French children and adolescents. Diabetes Metab 2014;40:137\u201342.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2013.11.001"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_022_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c22Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Giani G. Clinical characteristics and predictors of severe ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children in a North Rhine-Westphalian region, Germany. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metabol 2002;15: 1137\u201345.","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2002.15.8.1137"},{"key":"2021021317393921054_j_jpem-2017-0059_ref_023_w2aab3b7b3b1b6b1ab2b2c23Aa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredheim S, Johannesen J, Johansen A, Lyngs\u00f8e L, Rida H, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis at the onset of type 1 diabetes is associated with future HbA1c levels. Diabetologia 2013;56: 995\u20131003.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2850-z"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/j\/jpem.2018.31.issue-3\/jpem-2017-0059\/jpem-2017-0059.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2017-0059\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2017-0059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T01:42:22Z","timestamp":1619055742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/jpem-2017-0059\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1515\/jpem-2017-0059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2017-0059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0251","0334-018X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-0251","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0334-018X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]}}}